Managerial Accounting Practise in Saudi Organizations Essay

Managerial Accounting Practise in Saudi Organizations - Essay Example The State and Extent of Using Modern Management Accounting Techniques In Particular in Making the Right Decisions Decision making is considered to be an all inclusive and widespread process that consists of various activities such as identification of the problem or the concerns, allocation of certain weights or ranks to the identified problem, evaluation and implementation of the alternative plans. Management accounting on the other hand is related to the appropriate use of relevant information in order to facilitate and direct managers to undertake informed business decisions effectively and efficiently. The most advantageous fact of management accounting practices is that is does not require conforming or following the national accounting standards which further gives a liberty or room for the business people to adopt customized management accounting techniques that are most effective in terms of their business operations. For realizing the affectivity in the decision making proce ss, organizations combine or merge the advanced quantitative and qualitative techniques. According to Johnson, The use of modern management practices has helped in focusing on the problem which inclines more towards how accounting information can be made more useful for decision making rather than how we could improve things we do . The recent developments in the modern management accounting techniques have enabled the managers to make sound decisions so that excessive costs incurred by firms could be pruned down and at the same time, the value of the products and services rendered could be enhanced. The extent to which the management accounting practices have been put into action is tremendous and quite rigorous, especially in the past two decades. Lot many research work and in-depth study in various countries across the world have undertaken to find out the relevance and significance of the modern practices to various sectors in the economy. For instance, in a research conducted b y Philip and Kerckhoffs Christian (2005), the significance of Activity Based Costing (ABC) and throughput accounting (TA) was brought forward and was revealed that MAP’s are more used as accounting tools to â€Å"make-up† the technical insights from an accounting viewpoint. The research indicated the use of working-floor insights and production process data in the formulation of a company’s income statements that are utmost essential for managerial decision making. When most of the countries have already adopted the MAPs, there are countries like Bangladesh which still need to incorporate the changes in the accounting practices. Bidhan has conducted one such study whereby it was found t modern techniques like Activity-Based Costing, Cost-Volume-Profit, Target Costing, and Just-in-Time (JIT) etc were not applied in the public and private sector manufacturing enterprises but used by just a few Multinational Corporations (MNC). (8) Most of the companies in Saudi we re still found to use the conventional and traditional accounting practices. Traditional management accounting techniques are generally perceived by the Saudi manufacturing and service sector firms to be highly important and frequently used by the responding firms. As per Ei-Ebaishi, the managers rely less in comparison to

Human vs. Other Organisms Essay Example for Free

Human vs. Other Organisms Essay Horse3: Valine, Glutamine, Alanine Donkey3: Valine, Glutamine, Alanine Common zebra3: Valine, Glutamine, Alanine Pig, cow, sheep3: Valine, Glutamine, Alanine Dog3: Valine, Glutamine, Alanine Gray whale3: Valine, Glutamine, Alanine Rabbit3: Valine, Glutamine, Alanine Kangaroo3: Valine, Glutamine, Alanine Chicken, turkey3: Isoleucine, Valine, Glutamine Penguin4: Isoleucine, Valine, Glutamine, 0 Pekin duck2: Valine, Glutamine Snapping turtle3: Valine, Glutamine, Alanine Rattlesnake4: Serine, Glycine, Threonine Bullfrog4: Valine, Glutamine, Alanine, Cysteine Tuna4: Alanine, Valine, Glutamine, Asparagine Screwfly fly5: Valine, Glutamine, Arginine, Alanine Silkworm moth8: Asparagine, Alanine, Asparagine, Valine, Glutamine, Arginine, Alanine, Alanine Tomato horn worm9: Asparagine, Alanine, Aspartic acid, Asparagine, Valine, Glutamine, Arginine, Alanine, Alanine Wheat10: Asparagine, Proline, Aspartic acid, Alanine, Alanine, Lysine, Threonine, Alanine, Aspartic acid, Alanine Rice9: Asparagine, Proline, Lysine, Alanine, Glutamic acid, Lysine, Threonine, Alanine, Aspartic acid Baker’s Yeast11: Serine, Alanine, Lysine, Alanine, Threonine, Leucine, Lysine, Threonine, Arginine, Glutamic acid, Leucine Candida Yeast13: Serine, Alanine, Lysine, Alanine, Threonine, Leucine, Lysine, Threonine, Arginine, Alanine, Glutamic acid, Isoleucine, Alanine Neurospora14: Serine, Lysine, Alanine, Asparagine, Leucine, Lysine, Threonine, Arginine, Alanine, Glutamic acid, Glycine, Glutamic acid, Glycine, Glycine Reflection Questions: Summarize your amino acid comparison in paragraph form. To guide your summary, reflect on the following questions. 1.What does it mean when scientists say that living organisms share a universal genetic code? It means that all extinct organisms have all the same genetic code. 2.How does a universal genetic code relate to the hypotheses about the origin of life on Earth? The near-universal genetic code is that all extant things share some type of common ancestor. 3.How are self-replicating molecules, such as RNA molecules in the â€Å"RNA World† hypothesis, essential to the most popular hypotheses about the origin of life on Earth? They reproduce, and could have been formed through abiotic chemistry on the early Earth. 4.How might similarities and differences in genetic codes, or the proteins built as a result of these codes, be used to determine how closely related different species are? The more alike the letters are in a species, the more recent the ancestor was. If the ancestor was recent then the more alike the two different species will be. 5.Based on the amino acid sequence data for the Cytochome-C protein, chimpanzees and humans share an identical coding sequence. What other species identified on the chart has a coding sequence that is most closely related to the humans and chimpanzees and most distantly related? Explain your answer

Treating Nausea and Vomiting in Pregnancy with Ginger

Treating Nausea and Vomiting in Pregnancy with Ginger Qi-Cai Liu Tiran, D. (2012). Ginger to reduce nausea and vomiting during pregnancy: Evidence of effectiveness is not the same as proof of safety. Complimentary Therapies in Clinical Practice, 18(1), 22-25. doi: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2011.08.007 This article presents a systemic review of the mechanism and safety of using ginger to treat nausea and vomiting in pregnancy (NVP). In the article, the author first introduced the history of ginger as a traditional remedy in some eastern countries, then discussed the potential risk of several different forms of ginger that were available in the UK market. After that, the author explored the mechanisms of gingers anti-emetic function. Ginger can inhibit serotonin receptor and suppress vasopressin, as well as reduce tachygastric activity. However, the exact mechanism still remains unclear. The author pointed out that there was no consistency in dosages and forms of ginger among current studies, and the differences between nausea and vomiting was not fully understood. Next, the author discussed the safety of using ginger. The author believed that ginger should be treated as a pharmacological medication rather than a natural remedy. Therefore, it should be administered with safe dosages and be obtained from the correct plant, Zingiber officinale. Following that, the author discussed gingers potential adverse effects, drug-drug interactions, as well as contraindications and precautions. For example, ginger should be contraindicated for women who have a history of miscarriage because anticoagulation is one of its notable side effects. At the end of article, the author offered a contraindications and precautions checklist, which is very useful for health care providers to identify which women should avoid ginger. The limitation of this article is that it did not emphasize gingers therapeutic effects. The strength of this article is the valuable safety checklist. Overall, this article increased the awareness that ginger, although a natural remedy, has side effects and contraindications too. Ozgoli, G., Goli, M. Simbar, M. (2009). Effects of ginger capsules on pregnancy, nausea, and vomiting. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 15(3), 243-246. doi: 10.1089/acm.2008.0406 This article describes a single blind clinical trial to determine function of ginger on nausea and vomiting in pregnancy (NVP). 70 pregnant women who experienced nausea and vomiting before 20 weeks of gestation participated this study. Prior to the treatment with ginger, the baseline levels of nausea and vomiting symptoms were measured via a standard visual analogue scale. The participants were randomly assigned to the experimental group and control group. In the experimental group, 35 participants were treated with ginger at a dose of 1000mg/day for 4 days. 35 participants in the control group were treated with a placebo (lactose) with the same dose and prescription form. The treatment effects were measured by asking participants to finish the 4-page questionnaire and record nausea intensity twice a day (3 participants from experimental group failed to complete the questionnaire). A statistically significant decrease in the nausea and vomiting intensity with ginger treatment was rep orted. 85% of women who received the ginger treatment reported an improvement of nausea symptoms, while only 56% reported improvement in the control group. In addition, the vomiting times for the pregnancy are also significantly decreased in the experimental group comparing to control group (50% versus 9%). The materials and methods section was well developed with clear description of experimental design, samples selection, data collection and analysis. The strengths of this article are the rigorous experimental design and large sample size. The limitation of this study, as mentioned by the authors, is the short assessment period. As a result, some ginger adverse effects may not be able to discover. The findings of this study provide some evidence-based information about effects of ginger for NVP. Ensiyeh, J., Sakineh, MC. (2009). Comparing ginger and vitamin B6 for the treatment of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: A randomised controlled trial. Midwifery, 25(6), 649-653. doi: 10.1016/j.midw.2007.10.013 This study conducted a double-blind randomized controlled trial to compare the effects of vitamin B6 and ginger for nausea and vomiting in pregnancy (NVP). 70 pregnant women who experienced nausea and vomiting symptoms before their 17 weeks gestation participated this study. Half of them were randomly selected to receive ginger 1g per day treatment for 4 days. As a control, half of them received vitamin B6 40 mg per day treatment at same time. The nausea intensity was measured via a visual analogue scale during the treatment plus 24 hours before. The vomiting episodes were also recorded in the same period. The treatment responses at a 7-day follow-up were measured via a five-point Likert scale (one participant from control group failed to return to clinic later). Their results showed that both ginger and vitamin B6 treatment could decrease the symptoms of nausea, and ginger worked significantly better than the vitamin (p=0.024). In terms to vomiting episodes, both ginger and vitamin B6 could reduce the frequency of vomiting, and there was no significant difference between them. In the 7-day follow-up visiting, there were 29/35 participants in ginger group and 23/34 participants in vitamin B6 group reported a decrease of nausea reaction (p=0.52). This trial was well designed with large sample size, strict sampling inclusion criteria, and rigor experimental process. The strength of this study is that they measured and compared the long-term effects of ginger and vitamin B6 on the pregnancy outcomes, such as abortion and preterm birth. The limitation of this study is that they changed the participants dietary, which might influence the treatments and outcomes. The findings of this study provide some evidence-based knowledge about the efficiency of ginger and vitamin B6 in the NVP treatment, as well as their long-term effects. Therapy Assessment Nausea and vomiting are the most common unpleasant complications in early pregnancy. There were about 70-80% of women experienced nausea and 50% of them experienced vomiting episodes during their early pregnancy (Ensiyeh Sakineh, 2009). That means there are about 350,000 Canadian women experience nausea and vomiting in pregnancy (NVP) every year (Lee Saha, 2011). The pathogenesis of NVP remains unclear. However, it is widely accepted that NVP is correlated to the hormone changes during gestation, such as the human chorionic gonadatropin (hCG), progesterone, and estrogen (Lee Saha, 2011). It was reported that the peak of NVP is positive correlated to hCG peak, and hCG could regulate gastric smooth muscle activity by stimulating placental prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) (Lee Saha, 2011). Progesterone also has a function of gastric emptying by decreasing smooth muscle contractility (Lee Saha, 2011). NVP can cause more undesirable consequences for the pregnant women than uncomfortable, such as s ocial interactions, families, and careers (Ozgoli, Goli, Simbar, 2009). About 25% of employed pregnant women have to leave their jobs due to the nausea and vomiting symptoms (Ensiyeh Sakineh, 2009). As a result, it may bring some financial and psychological problem for them, which will further influence the health status of themselves and even their babies (Ozgoli et al., 2009). Most important, nausea and vomiting symptoms can also change dietary and may lead to malnutrition for themselves and their babies. Therefore, it is very important for the women, who are experiencing NVP, to get treatment in time. In terms to the treatments of NVP, there are nonpharmacologic approach and pharmacologic approach (Lee Saha, 2011). The nonpharmacologic approach includes dietary measures, emotional support, acupuncture, and ginger. The pharmacologic approach includes pyridoxin-doxylamine, antiemetics, promotility agents, and antihistamines. The goal of treatment is to release the symptoms and reduce risks for the women and fetus. It has a long history for using ginger as an herbal medicine to treat NVP in some eastern countries, such as China, Japan, and India (Tiran, 2012). Pregnant women in western countries also knew gingers anti-emetic effects for a long time (Tiran, 2012). However, it was until recently, the effects of ginger for NVP were studied in the scientific way (Ensiyeh Sakineh, 2009; Ozgoli et al., 2009). In the Ozgoli et al. study (2009), a single blind clinical trial was conducted to investigate the effects of the ginger for NVP. Their results found that, 1000mg/day ginger treatment could significant decrease nausea symptoms, as well as reduce the frequency of vomiting. In Ensiyeh andSakineh study (2009), a double-blind randomized controlled trial was conducted to compare the function of ginger and vitamin B6 for NVP. Their results showed that both ginger and vitamin B6 could reduce the vomiting frequency. The ginger was more efficiency on reduce nausea symptoms than vitamin B6, which has a wel l known effects on treating NVP. The strength of these two studies is that they proved the gingers effects on NVP in the scientific way. However, both studies failed to explore the mechanism about how ginger can effectively treat NVP, and one study failed to measure the long-term adverse effects of ginger. These are the weaknesses of these two studies. Based on these research results, I would like to say ginger is an effective alternative therapy for NVP. In the future nursing practice, I would like to recommend pregnant women to take this herbal medicine to treat their NVP symptom. However, as Tiran (2012) suggested, ginger should also be treated like a pharmacological drug. I must be very cautious about its mechanisms, adverse effects, drug/food interactions, and contraindications before making the recommendation. Being familiar with these knowledge will also enable me to educate each pregnant woman why she can or cannot take ginger to treat her NVP. Mechanisms It is well known that ginger is very effective for treating NVP symptoms (Ensiyeh Sakineh, 2009; Ozgoli et al., 2009). However, the mechanism of its anti-emetic effects still remains unclear (Tiran, 2012). What already known are that the three ginger indigents: gingerols, shogaol, and zingiberence, can bind to serotonin (5-HT) receptor and block its function to inhibit nausea and vomiting (Tiran, 2012). The major anti-emetic substance in ginger was thought to be gingerols (Tiran, 2012). In addtition, ginger also was reported that it could reduce nausea and vomiting symptoms through suppressing vasopressin to decrease stomach activity (Tiran, 2012). Except these gastrointestinal tract effects, Tiran (2012) thought ginger might also have some effects on the central nervous system. For example, it has sedative and hypnotic functions. Adverse effects The adverse effects of ginger can be easily ignored by both pregnant women and health care providers due to its natural remedy character (Tiran, 2012). Like other pharmacological medications, ginger also has some adverse effects (Tiran, 2012). First, ginger has side effects on gastrointestinal tract (Tiran, 2012). Ginger can cause stomach irritant and then lead to heartburn, which may due to its weakly cholinergic function (Tiran, 2012). With the same function, ginger also can stimulate the bile secretion (Tiran, 2012). It is also reported that poorly chewed ginger can cause intestinal blockage (Tiran, 2012). Therefore, it is necessary to recommend women to masticate ginger properly if they are prescribed with the dried root ginger (Tiran, 2012). Second, ginger has adverse effects on cardiovascular system. It is reported that ginger can cause hypotension and that is one reason why some women felt dizziness after had the ginger herbal (Tiran, 2012). Ginger can also cause cardiac arrhy thmias, which may due to the interaction with beta receptors (Tiran, 2012). Third, ginger has side effects on the blood. One of its notable side effects is anticoagulant, which increases the risk of bleeding (Tiran, 2012). Beside that, ginger also can lower the blood glucose level, which may increase the risk of hypoglycemia (Tiran, 2012). Fourth, ginger can produce side effects of hot, sweating, constantly thirsty, and looking for cold drinks. These symptoms are caused by its cholinergic function (Tiran, 2012). Last, it needs to keep awareness that the long-term adverse effects of ginger on fetus development are still not fully understood (Tiran, 2012). Drug/food interactions Like other pharmacological medications, ginger also has the interactions with other drugs or food (Tiran, 2012). First, abundant evidences showed that ginger can interact with some prescribed medications, such as beta antagonists, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, as well as other herbs such as gingko balboa (Tiran, 2012). Second, ginger has weakly cholinergic function (Tiran, 2012). Therefore it can have interaction with other cholinergic drugs, including antagonists and agonists. For example, ginger can interact with donepezil, a muscarinic agonist, as both can increase the bile secretion. Third, ginger can interact with other drugs which can increase or decrease blood pressure as ginger can cause hypotension (Tiran, 2012). For example, ginger can reduce the anti-hypotension function of epinephrine, an adrenergic agonist. Fourth, ginger can lower blood glucose level (Tiran, 2012). Therefore it can interact with other drugs which can increase or decrease blood glucose level, such as in sulin and metformin. Fifth, as mentioned previously, ginger has the function of anticoagulant (Tiran, 2012). Therefore, ginger can interact with other anticoagulant and antiplatelet drugs, such as heparin, warfarin, and aspirin. Last, ginger can cause cardiac arrhythmia (Tiran, 2012). As a result, ginger can interact with other drugs with can cause cardiac arrhythmia too, such as Levodopa. Contraindications As ginger has some adverse effects and drug interactions, it should be contraindicated to the pregnant women who have relevant diseases or are taking the interactive drugs. First, ginger should be contraindicated for the women with certain gastrointestinal tract diseases (Tiran, 2012). Pregnant women with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) or heartburn symptom should avoid ginger as it can worsen this symptom by irritating stomach (Tiran, 2012). Pregnant women with a history of gallstones should be contraindicated because ginger can stimulate the secretion of bile (Tiran, 2012). Dried root ginger should not be prescribed to pregnant women who have lower gastrointestinal tract disease, such as duodenal ulcer, as it may cause intestinal blockage (Tiran, 2012). Second, pregnant women with certain cardiovascular diseases should also be contraindicated from ginger (Tiran, 2012). Ginger can cause hypotension (Tiran, 2012), therefore the women who with hypotension symptom or are taking anti-hypertensive drugs to control their blood pressure should not take ginger. Ginger also can cause cardiac arrhythmia (Tiran, 2012). As a result, ginger should not be prescribed to the pregnant women who have cardiac arrhythmia or are taking anti-arrhythmic drugs, such as Na+ and K+ channel blockers. Tiran (2012) even suggested that all the herbal remedies and complementary therapies should be contraindicated for pregnant women who have major cardiac diseases. Third, ginger should be contraindicated for pregnant women with bleeding disorders as it has a function of anticoagulant. Tiran (2012) suggested that any pregnant women who had a history of miscarriage, vaginal bleeding, or clotting disorder should not take ginger. These women who may have a surgery several weeks later also should stop taking ginger at least two weeks before the operation (Tiran, 2012). Fourth, ginger has a function of lower blood glucose (Tiran, 2012). Therefore ginger should be avoided from those women wh o are taking drugs to control their diabetes mellitus, such as insulin and metformin. The women who have hypoglycemia also should also be contraindicated from ginger. Last, ginger has interactions with the benzodiazepines, beta blockers, and gingko biloba (Tiran, 2012). Therefore it should be avoided for the pregnant women who are taking those drugs. Conclusion Ginger is an effective herbal medicine in treating NVP although its mechanism still remains to explore. As a pharmacological medication, ginger has its own adverse effects, drug/food interactions, and contraindications. Ginger is not always safe for every pregnant woman who are experiencing nausea and vomiting symptoms. The women prescribed with ginger should be educated with its adverse effects and its possible interaction with other drugs. In addition, the women, who have certain gastrointestinal tract diseases, certain cardiovascular diseases, bleeding disorders, and hypoglycemia, should also be contraindicated from ginger. Overall, ginger should be treated like a pharmacological medication rather than a natural remedy when being prescribed for NVP treatment. References Ensiyeh, J., Sakineh, MC. (2009). Comparing ginger and vitamin B6 for the treatment of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: A randomised controlled trial. Midwifery, 25(6), 649-653. Doi: 10.1016/j.midw.2007.10.013 Lee, N., Saha, S. (2011). Nausea and vomiting of pregnancy. Gastroenterology Clinics of North America, 40(2), 309-334. Doi:10.1016/j.gtc.2011.03.009 Ozgoli, G., Goli, M. Simbar, M. (2009). Effects of ginger capsules on pregnancy, nausea, and vomiting. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 15(3), 243-246. Doi: 10.1089/acm.2008.0406 Tiran, D. (2012). Ginger to reduce nausea and vomiting during pregnancy: Evidence of effectiveness is not the same as proof of safety. Complimentary Therapies in Clinical Practice, 18(1), 22-25. Doi: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2011.08.007

A Work of Artifice and You Should Have Been a Boy Essay -- Marge Pierc

A Work of Artifice and You Should Have Been a Boy The word potential can be defined as the sum of abilities and capabilities that are possessed by, and specific to an individual being. In regards to humans we could say that it is all that a person can be and accomplish if encouraged and allowed the freedom to do so. Fulfillment of potential is curtailed in both the females in â€Å"A Work of Artifice,† by Marge Piercy and the female in â€Å"You Should Have Been a Boy,† by Elizabeth Cady Stanton; however, the manner and degree of such curtailing is quite different. In â€Å"A Work of Artifice† the growth and fulfillment of females is stunted physically, mentally, and sexually. The first evidence of this curtailment of potential we see is when the author says that the bonsai tree, which symbolically represents females, â€Å"could’ve grown to be eighty feet tall†¦but a gardener carefully pruned it.† Males, which are symbolically represented by the gardener, whittle away anything they find undesirable, thus curtailing the female’s growth and fulfillment. Example of the curtailing of the physical growth is â€Å"bound feet† by which females are unable to move around as they wish, limiting them to precisely where the males want them to be. In the words â€Å"croon[ed]† day after day by the gardener â€Å"it is your nature to be small and cozy, domestic and weak,† we see how males use these words to shape the mind of females, and they tell the females repeatedly also that they are so lucky to have men to tend to them as to inflict guilt as a safety net just in case the shaping was unsuccessful. All this careful attention works together to curtail females mentally. Lastly, the words â€Å"the hands you love to touch† imply that females... ...hese works signify the male dominance in society, and how male uses different venues and approaches to protect his dominant status, whether it is by conscious or unconscious acts. Also both works show how female acceptance of this hierarchy gives males the power and approval to continue to rule the roost, whether such acceptance comes through willing obedience or defeat. The females portrayed in â€Å"A Work of Artifice† and â€Å"You Should Have Been a Boy† developed deep and lonely voids inside their hearts because they had been conformed to the male’s wishes. They learned to ignore the pain created by the turning away from their own desires and aspirations and directed their lives on the path of living to please others. This empty existence denied what was rightfully theirs—a life full of happiness and satisfaction that occurs through the freedom of expression of self.

The Contemporary International System

The Contemporary International System The structure of the contemporary international system involves many different factors that influence how the world operates today. The international system is defined as the study of the interactions among the various actors that participate in international politics, including states, international organizations, nongovernmental organizations, sub-national entities, and individuals. The study of international relations aims to evaluate how countries interact within the political and social international system.Factors such as, technological change, shifts of national power and various changes in the environment influence today’s system and how we live on a day-to-day basis. History is another factor that must be recognized in the shaping of the world system. Events that occurred in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries have a great impact today, as we are able to make future projections based on historical trends. The operation and stru cture of the international system involves various social and political factors that shape the world we live in today.The shaping of the contemporary system was achieved through the concept of globalization. This idea is often referred to as the â€Å"shrinkage of the world† and has been made possible through the advancement in modern technology. Globalization is the process by which regional economies, societies, and cultures have become integrated through an international network of political ideas. Today, a nation’s technological capability is the main indicator of its power. Technology directly affects a nation’s economic growth though innovation.This growth then allows that country to produce military weapons for protection and could potentially throw off the balance of power between states. Technology and innovation can also determine a nation’s trade capacity, which can limit the amount a country can import and export. A nation with great trade cap abilities will experience international financial flows into their country, thus stimulating economic growth. Technology provides a framework for both the relative and absolute power between states and greatly impacts the structure of the international system.For example, if we evaluate the correlation of power and technology throughout history, we see that the United States and Germany experienced dramatic changes in their global position following the second industrial revolution, just as Great Britain had following the first industrial revolution. These powers have since failed to maintain their place at the forefront of technological innovation, and have faded from the international scene. Countries like Japan have been very technologically advanced for the last 50 years and have moved to the forefront of the international scene.The global scene that was once dominated by the United States, may have a new power due to Japan’s vast technological and innovative capabilities . Businesses have also globalized, as they are now able to interact with companies overseas with the click of a button. Since travel has become â€Å"easy† businesses are now able to meet face to face with their international partners on a regular basis. There are proper customs that people must follow when engaging in foreign business practices. For example, the exchange of business cards is a formal practice in countries like China and Japan.Foreign business associates may see it as a sign of disrespect if one is not educated on the proper customs of that country. The structure and operation of the international system is also influenced by the behaviors of the actors within that system. For centuries, the idea of the â€Å"state† was centered upon the idea of inclusion and exclusion. This idea became the centerpiece of national politics for centuries and is a major reason for conflicts within the system. After the French Revolution these states were formed on the th ree ideologies of realism, liberalism, and idealism.Karen Mingst and Jack Snyder define these ideologies and explain the assumptions behind the weaknesses that lead to misguided policies. Realism instills an appreciation of the role of power but warns that states will suffer if they overreach. The cooperation among states is a way to maximize each individual state’s security and often calls for â€Å"backing† during times of conflict. World War II resembles a realist idea as each state was drawn to fight to maximize its own security. Liberalism identifies the potential for democracies, but also notes that democracies can lead to tyrannies and the threat of a violent collapse.This arose after World War I in response to the inability to control and limit war within the international system. Lastly, Idealism stresses that a state’s values must reinforce any stable political order but recognizes that there is also a potential for conflict. Together these three persp ectives form the core of the contemporary international system. In order to fully understand the contemporary international system, we must first understand the historical trends in the state and international system.International Relations can be traced back to the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 where the modern state system was developed. This instituted the concept of sovereignty, which is defined as absolute and perpetual power invested in a commonwealth. This power does not exist in an individual, but in a state. In this, the leaders are limited by divine law and are â€Å"subject to the laws of God and nature. † This belief is still held today and believers attribute the legitimacy of the state to the consent of the people. After all, the â€Å"people† are the fundamental the source of all political power.In conclusion, the contemporary international system was shaped on the basis of globalization, the behaviors of the actors within the international system, and the evaluation of historical patterns. The world is constantly changing and evolving toward a more connected population. The widespread use of social media and continued advances in technology allow the population to connect with each other as if they were sitting in the same room. As we move toward this new era, we must identify these historical patterns in order to further improve our future international relations.

Ten Ways to Avoid Gender Bias

Ten Ways to Avoid Gender Bias Ten Ways to Avoid Gender Bias Ten Ways to Avoid Gender Bias By Mark Nichol How do you write around the outmoded usage of the pronoun he or him when a male is not necessarily the subject of the reference? Here are ten strategies none ideal in every circumstance for achieving gender neutrality. 1. Use He or She Before: â€Å"Ask the student whether he is prepared to give a presentation.† After: â€Å"Ask the student whether he or she is prepared to give a presentation.† This solution is stiffly formal and is awkward in repetition; use sparingly. Using he/she, s/he, or any such alternative (or an invented neutral pronoun like ze) is not advised. 2. Alternate Between He and She Before: â€Å"Ask the student whether he is prepared to give a presentation. If he is ready, tell him that he may begin when he is ready.† After: â€Å"Ask the student whether he is prepared to give a presentation. If she is ready, tell her that she may begin when she is ready.† This solution works only in the case of two or more references to a hypothetical subject of either gender. In the proximity of the references in the examples, this solution is awkward, but when the references are at some distance from each other, it can be effective in moderation. 3. Omit the Pronoun Before: â€Å"Ask the student whether he is prepared to give a presentation.† After: â€Å"Ask whether the student is prepared to give a presentation.† This revision does not clearly indicate whether the student or another person is being asked; writers must recognize and respond to such lack of clarity if it affects comprehension. 4. Repeat the Noun in Place of the Pronoun Before: â€Å"Ask the student whether he is prepared to give a presentation.† After: â€Å"Ask the student whether the student is prepared to give a presentation.† When the noun is repeated in the proximity shown above, the sentence is awkward; in a more complex sentence, the repetition may not seem so obvious. 5. Use a Plural Antecedent for the Pronoun Before: â€Å"Ask the student whether he is prepared to give a presentation.† After: â€Å"Ask the students whether they are prepared to give their presentations.† Employing a plural noun and a plural pronoun may change the meaning somewhat; writers must be alert as to which other nouns, if any, should be made plural as well. 6. Replace the Pronoun with an Article Before: â€Å"Ask the student to prepare his presentation.† After: â€Å"Ask the student to prepare a presentation.† 7. Revise the Sentence to Use the Pronoun One Before: â€Å"A prepared student is more likely to succeed than if he has not done sufficient research.† After: â€Å"A prepared student is more likely to succeed than an unprepared one.† 8. Revise the Sentence to Use the Pronoun Who Before: â€Å"A student is more likely to succeed if he does sufficient research.† After: â€Å"A student who does sufficient research is more likely to succeed.† 9. Revise the Sentence to the Imperative Mood Before: â€Å"A student must be well prepared for his presentation.† After: â€Å"Be well prepared for the presentation.† 10. Use a Plural Pronoun Before: â€Å"Ask the student whether he is prepared to give a presentation.† After: â€Å"Ask the student whether they are prepared to give a presentation.† Many writers reject this solution because traditional grammar rules frown on using a plural pronoun when the antecedent is a singular noun. However, the bewildering absence of a gender-neutral plural pronoun in English calls for a radical solution. This one is widely used in informal writing and in conversation, and it’s commonsensical to welcome it in formal writing. That welcome, however, has not yet been forthcoming, and, regrettably, writers should use the plural pronouns them and they in place of singular pronouns with caution. Some writers reject the notion that one should avoid gender-specific pronouns in universal contexts at all. After all, why change long-standing usage that has only recently been challenged? But these writers, though sensible in the logic of their argument, are culturally insensitive and, ultimately, are on the wrong side of linguistic history. I hope, too, that integration of the singular they and them in any usage will eventually occur. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:4 Types of Gerunds and Gerund PhrasesDisappointed + PrepositionPreposition Mistakes #1: Accused and Excited

Free Essays on Intertextual Response

â€Å"War leaves mental as well as physical scars.† Discuss the truth of this statement using evidence from No Pretty Pictures, short stories, extracts (from Night and other text) and poetry. When something drastic happens in your life it always leaves an impact on your memories. This has happened to those who have lived through wars, not only memories but also mental and physical scars. Some of those who have endured wars first hand and have suffered with scars both mental and physical left by war have recorded their experiences in autobiographies and poems. In ‘Losses’ Randall Jarrell, shares with the reader the losses and pain he suffered while he was at war and the pain he suffered after the war also. Although he survived he writes, â€Å"It was not dying: everybody died. It was not dying: we had died before.† He describes the death of others whom he cared for or knew and the destruction of his surroundings. Something inside him died, he was never the same after seeing massive damage inflicted on everything and he expresses this. In the last verse of ‘Losses’, he says, ‘It was not dying- no, not ever dying; But in the night I died I dreamed that I was dead, And the cities said to me: ‘Why are you dying? We are satisfied if you are’; but why did I die?’ Jarrell shares with the audience a taste of what was going on inside his head and sharing with the reader that dying doesn’t mean death of the body, but he is dying in such a way that his soul and personality was becoming different from before the war. He was killing people and his friends are being killed. He thought eventually everything around him will turn to dust, and was afraid he would lose his sanity and the person he used to be, thus leaving him mental scars from trauma caused by war and physical scars inflicted by war. This was also the case with Elie Wiesel the author of Night. He describes many incidents, which were so intense that it... Free Essays on Intertextual Response Free Essays on Intertextual Response â€Å"War leaves mental as well as physical scars.† Discuss the truth of this statement using evidence from No Pretty Pictures, short stories, extracts (from Night and other text) and poetry. When something drastic happens in your life it always leaves an impact on your memories. This has happened to those who have lived through wars, not only memories but also mental and physical scars. Some of those who have endured wars first hand and have suffered with scars both mental and physical left by war have recorded their experiences in autobiographies and poems. In ‘Losses’ Randall Jarrell, shares with the reader the losses and pain he suffered while he was at war and the pain he suffered after the war also. Although he survived he writes, â€Å"It was not dying: everybody died. It was not dying: we had died before.† He describes the death of others whom he cared for or knew and the destruction of his surroundings. Something inside him died, he was never the same after seeing massive damage inflicted on everything and he expresses this. In the last verse of ‘Losses’, he says, ‘It was not dying- no, not ever dying; But in the night I died I dreamed that I was dead, And the cities said to me: ‘Why are you dying? We are satisfied if you are’; but why did I die?’ Jarrell shares with the audience a taste of what was going on inside his head and sharing with the reader that dying doesn’t mean death of the body, but he is dying in such a way that his soul and personality was becoming different from before the war. He was killing people and his friends are being killed. He thought eventually everything around him will turn to dust, and was afraid he would lose his sanity and the person he used to be, thus leaving him mental scars from trauma caused by war and physical scars inflicted by war. This was also the case with Elie Wiesel the author of Night. He describes many incidents, which were so intense that it...

Essay on Law 202

Essay on Law 202 Essay on Law 202 Essay on Law 202The â€Å"reply letter doctrine†Ã‚  can be used to authenticate private letters, e-mails, and text messages. Explain what is meant by the â€Å"reply letter doctrine†? How could its theory be used to authenticate an e-mail or text message?The â€Å"reply letter doctrine† is the federal rule that permits evidence of a letter written in reply to another letter which makes reference to the original letter. This theory can help to authenticate an e-mail or text message through the e-mail or text message sent in response to the original message with the reference to the original message.With respect to the authenticating of public records and documents, authentication is not assured merely because the document may be referred to as a public record or document. Where a birth certificate or a death certificate needs to be authenticated, what would the proponent of the evidence have to prove?The National Statistics Office serves to store and authenticate birth and death certificates. The proponent of the evidence will have to prove the authenticity of the birth or death certificate. In this regard, secondary evidence may be used, such as respective documents supplied by health care professionals that prove the fact of birth or death of an individual.Some documents are said to be self-authenticating. Within this category are regularly published newspapers and periodicals. What are three other examples of documents that tend to self- authenticate?Self-authenticating documents are documents that can be accepted during the trial without proof being submitted to support the claim that the documents are what they appear to be. Published newspapers and periodicals are self-authenticating documents. Other examples of self-authenticating documents include certified copy of public or business records; official publications of government agencies; and trade inscriptions, including labels on products.All documents that are introduced as eviden ce in court must be authenticated. Explain the concept of authentication. How must authenticated documents meet the other rules concerning admission of evidence?The document authentication is normally conducted by the secretary of state of the particular state, where documents are authenticated. Authenticated documents only can be admitted as evidence, unless documents are self-authenticated.Motions in limine are made at the beginning of the trial requesting that a judge rule that certain evidence may not be introduced in the trial. In such a way, motions in limine can determine which documentary evidence is admitted to the trial and which is not. Motions in limine serve to determine clearly which evidence, including documentary evidence may be used in trials. If certain documentary evidence is excluded from the trial by the judge ruling, this documentary evidecen cannot be used in the trial.In authenticating a writing or a document, one of four methods are traditionally followed in offering sufficient proof of authenticity. What are these four methods? Give an example of each one.Traditionally the authentication of a writing or document involves an eye-witness or witness expert, who proves the authenticity of the document. Another method of the authenticating of a writing or document is for the trier of fact, the jury in the jury trial, or the judge in the bench trial to compare a known exemplar of the signature with the signature on the disputed document. One more method of the authenticating of a writing or document is applied to business records and involves the testimony of the custodian of the records. Finally, there are self-authenticating documents and ancient documents which are admissible without outside evidence of authenticity.

Define the term 'Constructive Total Loss' for the purposes of the Essay

Define the term 'Constructive Total Loss' for the purposes of the Marine Insurance Act 1906. What are the difficulties with this definition Use case law examples to support your arguments - Essay Example The first was in the United Kingdom Court of Appeal in two thousand and eleven namely; EWCA Civ 24 and the second was the judgment in the case of Masefield v. Amlin delivered by Lord Steel in two thousand and ten namely; Lloyd’s Rep. IR 345. The definition of Constructive Total Loss provided by the Marine Insurance of 1906 leaves gaps and raises many questions when applied in modern cases that did not exist during enactment of the law more than one hundred years ago. Complexity arises when the complainant argues that ignoring a ransom payment amounts to asserting that a total loss claim is genuine and legal. This explanation means that it is not possible to retrieve deprivation according to the Marine Insurance Act of 1906 section fifty-seven subsection one. In this case, it is against public policy to claim a ransom. It is at this point that the definition provided by the 1906 Act creates difficulties regarding finding a solution to such situations. The definition generates crucial questions covering both legal aspects and public policy formulation processes. This discourse examines the difficulties raised by defining a total loss on the background of English definition given in the marine Insurance Policy of 1906. Highlighted examples include the new wave of crimes such as piracy The introduction of the constructive total loss aimed at codifying regulations touching on marine insurance. This formed the basis of introducing section sixty of in Marine Insurance Act of 19061. A constructive total loss during reasonable abandonment of the insured property regarding the unavoidability of occurrence of a total loss depending on any direct offering in the public policy. Alternatively it occurs if it was difficult to prevent the occurrence of a total loss. The legislative Act of 19062 covering marine policy further specifies that it is not possible for the owner of the property to recover viewing the position of the case and that

Knowledge based systems Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Knowledge based systems - Assignment Example Having a clear understanding of this technology poses a challenge given the fact that the term has been used to mean different things for different scenarios. An example is the fact that experts systems has been defined by some people as computer programs which make use of knowledge and inferences to solve a problem which could have been regarded as difficult if it was to be solved by human beings; perhaps difficult enough to require significant expertise (Martin, & Hoover, 2008). Yet others have defined as software which is created by bringing together and codifying the knowledge used by one or more experts and also which is also designed to perform a task which could require special expertise under normal circumstances. The last definition, at least for this paper, gives experts systems as programs which have reasoning by use of information which is symbolic in nature and use heuristics approach as opposed to algorithmic approaches; they are flexible at both runtime and design leve l. These definitions give a consensus which is broad in nature but gives us an ample scope for discussion as to the meaning of very key terms A knowledge base is special database that is used primarily for management of knowledge. It thus provides a means for the collection, organization, and retrieval of knowledge in a computerized manner. It also represents a collection of data which have related experiences and their results are related to their problems and solutions. This is a subset of the experts systems.

Soul Man Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Soul Man - Movie Review Example It goes to show the reality, things have changed for the better but racism still remains a daunting challenge and it affects the lives of the blacks' day in and day out. Racism is portrayed and also condoned in some shots of the movie thought it isn't conspicuous, this movie could only have been made in the late 1980s, it would have been severely condemned had it been made in the present time. Some shots are very offensive and raised a hue and cry back then but it was settled and did not become a great problem. The after-school format is also shown in the movie and it represents stereo-type, it goes to show how almost everyone does the same thing and the same represents stereo-typing in the society. The stereo-typing was focused upon to make the audience laugh and this, wavered the intention of the director. The intention was to make the people realize how stereotypical the society had become and to motivate the people to think out of the box but when it was turned into a comedy, the essence of it was lost and as a result of which the desired impact wasn't created on the minds of the people. Mark turned into a black man in order to

Cold War Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Cold War - Coursework Example The term the â€Å"Cold War† was first used by George Orwell in his article that was published in 1945 referring to what he predicted would be a nuclear stalemate between the world’s two monstrous super powers (Walker, 1995). Since the USSR and the USA fought as allies during the Second World War, it was expected that their relationship would subsequently be friendly and firm. However, this never happened and instead they turned out to be enemies and rivals (Sheehan, 2003). This paper will discuss the Cold War and its various aspects including the nature of the war; causes of the war; the effects of the war; the end of the war; and the aftermath of the Cold War. The Nature of the Cold War After the Second World War, the USSR and the US emerged as the world’s two superpowers with profound ideological, political and economic differences. These two superpowers were very distrustful of each other; they lacked mutual understanding of alien culture and each sought to e nhance their economic and military capabilities (Gaddis, 2007). Both of them created some of the most intriguing economic and political policies, and developed weapons of destructive capability. So, what exactly was the nature of the Cold War? This question can be answered by understanding the ideological, economic and political policies that each of them upheld and attempted to spread to other parts of the world. All these policies were largely aimed at enhancing these two superpowers’ individual political and economic capability within the international system. They each wanted to control a large number of allies on their sides and to benefit from resources from the allies that they would have wooed to their side (LaFeber and LaFeber, 2008). On one side, the US advocated for democratic states characterized with periodic free elections, upholding of rule of law, respect of human rights, freedom of expression and movement, and constitutionalism among others. On the other hand , the USSR was advocating for autocratic states characterized with fixed or no elections and limited freedoms and rights among citizens (Walker, 1995) The USSR preferred states that have strong central government and whose citizens have limited freedoms and rights. Also, the US on one hand pushed for capitalism as the preferred economic system around the world, while the USSR advocated for communism as her preferred economic system. Capitalism is an economic system that is founded on the concept of individualism and free market (LaFeber and LaFeber, 2008). On the other hand, communism is founded on the concept of collectivism and state control of the markets. In pursuing their divergent interests, the US and the USSR separately acquired allies mainly in Asia, Africa and Eastern Europe. The conflict between these two superpowers became increasingly apparent through military coalitions with their respective allies, espionage, nuclear and conventional arms race, strategic conventional military deployments, enormous propaganda campaigns, as well as through technological competitions (Gaddis, 2007). Causes of the Cold War Historians are of the view that there were multiple factors that caused the Cold War. The first main cause was that the Soviet Union wanted to propagate and spread its communism ideology worldwide and this alarmed the Western world and especially the Americans

Journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 57

Journal - Essay Example Sheehan terms the advertisement as a perfect example of social responsible advertisement (243). The author further points out that the form of marketing increases the corporate value of an organization (Sheehan 243). However, the Benetton’s Death Row Campaign is my most detestable advertisement. The advertisement has an objective of creating a human feeling on the people who are convicted with death rows. The execution of the advertisement was also poor. The advertisement used picture insertions of people who are on the death rows across the United States. The advertisement is not social responsible. It creates a negative perception of the people against the justice system. Any corporate advertisement should show support of state institutions or not portray them in a negative image. In addition, Sheehan cites that an organization should not put itself in a position whereby they would gain from the miseries of the society (257). The author is also of the assumption that this is an opportunistic strategy (Sheehan

The characteristics of customer relationship management in Apple Essay

The characteristics of customer relationship management in Apple Company - Essay Example CRM is regarded as not just the application of technology, but also a strategy to learn more about customers' needs and behaviours in order to develop stronger relationships with them (Yu, 2009). As such, it is more of a business philosophy than a technical solution to assist in dealing with customers effectively and efficiently. Nevertheless, successful CRM relies on the use of technology. In this regard, Shanmugasundaram (2008) has noted that so far as the technological architecture of CRM is concerned, it is broadly categorized into 3 types which are as follows: Operational Analytical Collaborative Also, Bergeron (2002) has been of the opinion that CRM is a technology; and that it is basically a process that helps firms to create â€Å"consistent, repeatable and measurable results†. Thus the overt reliance of CRM on technology is facilitated through the various scholars who have noted the degree to which technology is a facilitator in CRM. Shanmugasundaram (2008) has been o f the opinion that there are various typical features of any good CRM program. CRM is basically linked to the corporate level strategy of the organization and envisages the establishment as well as the maintenance of long lasting relationships among the customers and the firm. However, it is always difficult to implement a successful CRM strategy. Bergeron (2008) has stated that overtly technologically reliant CRM policies may not always turn out to be electronically feasible. The author further notes that various technological problems as well as other issues arise while implementing an otherwise sound CRM policy plan on paper into action. Moreover, among the other major problems that arise is that the firm may not have a high level of technological expertise and the lack of such technological expertise may result in the firm’s outsourcing of the CRM implementation parts. This in turn makes the valuable data of the firm susceptible to the potential threat of the data falling in the hands of outsiders as well. Also, Bergeron (2002) states that technology is an integral part of the overall CRM process. In this regard, again, security and privacy can pose to be issues that may turn out to be hard to sort out during the implementation phase. So far as the ambit of CRM is concerned, it is seen as the automation of horizontally integrated business processes involving front office customer contact points via multiple, interconnected delivery channels (Peelen, 2003). Thus the purview of CRM spreads across various important functions of business like marketing, sales, service as well as support. Given the reach of CRM or for that matter the latest concept of using CRM from a strategic point of view, it becomes very important to ensure that proper care is taken in order to ensure proper planning as well implementation of CRM policies within the organization. In the context of the present study, it is imperative that the firm under consideration has indeed left a n indelible mark in recent times given the practices in retail marketing vis a vis customer relationship management. Thus the study envisages delving deep into the area of customer relationship management in general and that of the Apple company in particular in order to come up with insights as well as findings regarding the

Cold War Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Cold War - Coursework Example The term the â€Å"Cold War† was first used by George Orwell in his article that was published in 1945 referring to what he predicted would be a nuclear stalemate between the world’s two monstrous super powers (Walker, 1995). Since the USSR and the USA fought as allies during the Second World War, it was expected that their relationship would subsequently be friendly and firm. However, this never happened and instead they turned out to be enemies and rivals (Sheehan, 2003). This paper will discuss the Cold War and its various aspects including the nature of the war; causes of the war; the effects of the war; the end of the war; and the aftermath of the Cold War. The Nature of the Cold War After the Second World War, the USSR and the US emerged as the world’s two superpowers with profound ideological, political and economic differences. These two superpowers were very distrustful of each other; they lacked mutual understanding of alien culture and each sought to e nhance their economic and military capabilities (Gaddis, 2007). Both of them created some of the most intriguing economic and political policies, and developed weapons of destructive capability. So, what exactly was the nature of the Cold War? This question can be answered by understanding the ideological, economic and political policies that each of them upheld and attempted to spread to other parts of the world. All these policies were largely aimed at enhancing these two superpowers’ individual political and economic capability within the international system. They each wanted to control a large number of allies on their sides and to benefit from resources from the allies that they would have wooed to their side (LaFeber and LaFeber, 2008). On one side, the US advocated for democratic states characterized with periodic free elections, upholding of rule of law, respect of human rights, freedom of expression and movement, and constitutionalism among others. On the other hand , the USSR was advocating for autocratic states characterized with fixed or no elections and limited freedoms and rights among citizens (Walker, 1995) The USSR preferred states that have strong central government and whose citizens have limited freedoms and rights. Also, the US on one hand pushed for capitalism as the preferred economic system around the world, while the USSR advocated for communism as her preferred economic system. Capitalism is an economic system that is founded on the concept of individualism and free market (LaFeber and LaFeber, 2008). On the other hand, communism is founded on the concept of collectivism and state control of the markets. In pursuing their divergent interests, the US and the USSR separately acquired allies mainly in Asia, Africa and Eastern Europe. The conflict between these two superpowers became increasingly apparent through military coalitions with their respective allies, espionage, nuclear and conventional arms race, strategic conventional military deployments, enormous propaganda campaigns, as well as through technological competitions (Gaddis, 2007). Causes of the Cold War Historians are of the view that there were multiple factors that caused the Cold War. The first main cause was that the Soviet Union wanted to propagate and spread its communism ideology worldwide and this alarmed the Western world and especially the Americans

The characteristics of customer relationship management in Apple Essay

The characteristics of customer relationship management in Apple Company - Essay Example CRM is regarded as not just the application of technology, but also a strategy to learn more about customers' needs and behaviours in order to develop stronger relationships with them (Yu, 2009). As such, it is more of a business philosophy than a technical solution to assist in dealing with customers effectively and efficiently. Nevertheless, successful CRM relies on the use of technology. In this regard, Shanmugasundaram (2008) has noted that so far as the technological architecture of CRM is concerned, it is broadly categorized into 3 types which are as follows: Operational Analytical Collaborative Also, Bergeron (2002) has been of the opinion that CRM is a technology; and that it is basically a process that helps firms to create â€Å"consistent, repeatable and measurable results†. Thus the overt reliance of CRM on technology is facilitated through the various scholars who have noted the degree to which technology is a facilitator in CRM. Shanmugasundaram (2008) has been o f the opinion that there are various typical features of any good CRM program. CRM is basically linked to the corporate level strategy of the organization and envisages the establishment as well as the maintenance of long lasting relationships among the customers and the firm. However, it is always difficult to implement a successful CRM strategy. Bergeron (2008) has stated that overtly technologically reliant CRM policies may not always turn out to be electronically feasible. The author further notes that various technological problems as well as other issues arise while implementing an otherwise sound CRM policy plan on paper into action. Moreover, among the other major problems that arise is that the firm may not have a high level of technological expertise and the lack of such technological expertise may result in the firm’s outsourcing of the CRM implementation parts. This in turn makes the valuable data of the firm susceptible to the potential threat of the data falling in the hands of outsiders as well. Also, Bergeron (2002) states that technology is an integral part of the overall CRM process. In this regard, again, security and privacy can pose to be issues that may turn out to be hard to sort out during the implementation phase. So far as the ambit of CRM is concerned, it is seen as the automation of horizontally integrated business processes involving front office customer contact points via multiple, interconnected delivery channels (Peelen, 2003). Thus the purview of CRM spreads across various important functions of business like marketing, sales, service as well as support. Given the reach of CRM or for that matter the latest concept of using CRM from a strategic point of view, it becomes very important to ensure that proper care is taken in order to ensure proper planning as well implementation of CRM policies within the organization. In the context of the present study, it is imperative that the firm under consideration has indeed left a n indelible mark in recent times given the practices in retail marketing vis a vis customer relationship management. Thus the study envisages delving deep into the area of customer relationship management in general and that of the Apple company in particular in order to come up with insights as well as findings regarding the

Green Mountain Coffee Essay Example for Free

Green Mountain Coffee Essay Green Mountain Coffee Roasters (GMCR) started as a small cafà © in Waitsfield, Vermont in the year of 1981. It was in 1993 that the company went public and acquired the early phase of Keurig Incorporated Inc, and then completed the acquisition in 2006. (Unknown.( 2004). Gmcr.Retrieved from http://www.gmcr.com/about-GMCR.html) Once these two companies combined it made the way we drink beverages different than ever before in both the home and office. According to GMCR’s website â€Å"Today, GMCR is recognized as a leader in specialty coffee and coffee makers, and acknowledged for its award-winning coffees, innovative brewing technology, and environmentally and socially responsible business practices. † ((Unknown.( 2004). Gmcr.Retrieved from http://www.gmcr.com/about-GMCR.html) GMCR has three business units that they operate with today. The first being specialty coffee which includes Green Mountain Coffee, Tully’s Coffee, Diedrich Coffee, and Coffee People. The 2nd unit is the Keurig business unit, which created the signal cup brewing system. The 3rd and final is the GMCR Canada. The GMCR Canada is owns all sales for the company and includes the Van Houtte business as well as Timothy’s World Coffee brand. ((Unknown.( 2004). Gmcr.Retrieved from http://www.gmcr.com/about-GMCR.html) The current CEO is Brian Kelley who joined GMCR in 2012. Before GMCR Brian Kelley was Coca-Cola’s Chief Product Supply Officer , and president and CEO of SIRVA, Inc. ((Unknown.( 2004). Gmcr.Retrieved from http://www.gmcr.com/about-GMCR.html) as well as other companies such as Ford Motor Company, GE, and Proctor and Gamble. In 2011 net sales were 2,650.9 million which was up 95% over fiscal 2010. (http://investor.gmcr.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=622448) The acquisition of Van Houtte which took place in December, 2010 in addition to the partnership with Starbucks and Dunkin Donuts with the K-cups option of their coffee has helped add over 321.4 million to the net sales in 2011. (http://investor.gmce.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=622448) GMCR has seen accelerated growth over the last couple of years due to its Keurig single cup brewing system and the K-cups that go along with it. Below is the breakout for the 2011 Fiscal Financial Review provided by (http://investor.gmcr.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=622448). 2011 2010 $ Increase SWOT ANALYSIS StrengthsWeakness S1-Strong reputation with its customersW1- Keurig single-cup brewers all made by one manufacture S2-AcquisitionsW2-Large % sales from one area of the business (K-cups brewers) S3-Marketing W3-Forecasting due to such overnight success OpportunitiesThreats O1- Increase marketing to the age group of 40 and older T1- Risk of patents expiring allowing other competitors into the market O2-Increase marketing in the Supermarket locationsT2- Keurig single-cup brewers all made by one manufacture O3- Introduce other manufacturesT3-Product recalls product liability T4- Coffee availability ANALYSIS VIA PORTER’S FIVE FORCES MODEL The threat of new entrantsThe bargaining power of buyersThe bargaining power of suppliers The competition of this type of product service because of cost overhead would need to come from an already known company or a company that becomes successful after the patients expire that GMCR hold. Strong threatOver time as patients expire buyers will have bargaining power. ThreatGMCR has one manufacuting for the K-cups and brewing systems which resides in China. Weakness The threat of substitute product and servicesThe intensity of rivalry among competitors in an industry The threat of substitution is high. ThreatAlthough there are other companies that try to offer the same service, GMCR is at the top of the coffee industry for this type of service. Strength STRATEGY USED GMCR is using a differentiation strategy by offering a different way for the consumer to enjoy specialized coffees, teas, hot chocolate, and other hot beverages in their own homes, workplaces, and hotels at an overall lower cost than coffee houses. They are able to do this by taking the lead in the market due to their strengths in product development, licensing agreements with partners, and on-going successful acquisitions. GMCR growth through their acquisition strategy and their licensing agreements have been the biggest contributors to their growth. In 1998 when Keurig launched its first single- cup brewer for the office environment GMCR was there to partner with. (Dess,G, Lumpkin, G. Eisner, A.(2012). Strategic Management (6e). Boston: McGraw-Hill Irwin.) From that point on it just continued whether it be the agreement with Starbucks in 2011 or the agreement with Dunkin Donuts in that same year to sell K-cup’s with both Starbucks and Dunkin Donuts coffee they continue to thrive in the market. If we look at Porter’s generic strategies that our text talks of we can identify the following. †¢Differentiation – The product and service that GMCR brings to the market is the best value for price and quality. †¢Focus strategy The acquisitions and licensing agreements that GMCR has been able to focus on continues to allow success to the buyer markets and geographic markets. †¢Overall cost leadership – GMCR is able to keep cost low because of the amount of product they supply to the customer without much competition. THE ISSUES AND CHALLENGES FACING THIS COMPANY I think for now GMCR will continue to have competitive advantage. GMCR should be able to accomplish this by continuing to offer their K-cups and brewing systems at the same competitive price to the same type of customer. Although patents are ready to expire and more of the product and service will be able to join the market, I feel that GMCR with their past record of new product innovation will continue to strive in the coffee market and lead the way for competitors to follow. COURSE OF ACTION RECOMMENDED It seems to be that because of the success of Keurig K-cups that GMCR has put all their eggs in one basket without much focus on the rest of their products. We can see this in both the 2010 and 2011 earnings (http://investor.gmcr.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=622448). With patents becoming expired in the near future by recommendation would be that GMCR starts to focus on the other products that they sell or that they start to work on the next great product for the coffee industry. My fear is once patents expire that you may see some of the larger distributers try to come into the Market and possible succeed if there able to produce the same product at a lower cost. OPINION My opinion of the case study is first I had no idea that GMCR was such a large company. I don’t drink coffee but am a tea drinker and I guess I just didn’t pay much attention to the marketing and advertising . I’m sure they would like to hear this feedback, it may give them a clue as to where the marketing needs to go during the next phase. With that being said this company to me shows the true meaning of great business leadership and a successful supply chain and focus strategy. During the research I even found a joint venture with 3M the company I work with. It seems that 3M helped GMCR develop a coffee filter. This was a very enjoyable case study and it showed a great example of how to be successful in my opinion. References Dess, G., Lumpkin, G. Eisner, A. (2012). Strategic Management (6e). Boston: McGraw-Hill Irwin. Green mountain coffee roasters, inc.. (09/1). Retrieved from http://investor.gmcr.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=622448 Unknown. (2004). Gmcr. Retrieved from http://www.gmcr.com/about-GMCR.html

Principles of Health Social Care Practice

Principles of Health Social Care Practice Introduction: People who enjoy social care and service make enlarged risk of poormental health andbenefit. Around 4–500,000 social workers are regularly contacting with mentally ill people. To support and promote good mental health for the consumer of those services, all the staff of care services are working relentlessly. The common core principles to support better mental health and prosperity in adult social care, based on work by the Mental Health foundation has been published by Skills for Care. An immense framework for the social care workforce to serve harmonious high quality social care as well as support to promote the mental health and advancement of people who are facing lack of care and support have been outlined in the common core principles and two key areas. In these range this show people to well practice based on actual life, which explain how each of the ten principle and two key areas work. Services for the users to follow the opinion of the patient to reduce the risk and danger, and many social problems. And to promote awareness of the disease and to provide care and treatment to maintain confidentiality of service users in health and social care practice. Task 1: 1(a) Explanation of the principles of support are applied to ensure that individuals are cared for in health and social care practice Successful health and social care system is requisite according to principle. What does a principle stand for? Principles can be recapitulate as worthy rule guiding manner , consistent regulation of carriage according to vital law, to impress with a faith’, ‘afundamental part. For making health and social care settings auspicious support is mandatory. Good as well as perfect helping hand is the most effective matter for everyone to select the way of better health and efficient services. These are the most caring and beneficial offer for everyone. On certain it takes people for the disability of learning. Individually everyone is selecting according to their own preference. Somehow the disable people of learning are losing the opportunity and it is going away from them. To ensure the disable people to get the best possible care from supportive service is mandatory. Few governments are restlessly working behind the fact of support for the continuous welfare for the country man and country. Today, in Wales, services and support people are entitled to include home care help things like cleaning and shopping, insufficient tools and adaptations to your house, day centre’s to give you the least care at their best, day care for your children if either you or them are not able to look after them . Person’s health is another type of support which is related to the Social support and co-ordination. The effect of socialization works is a main and sometimes slighted cause for the success of psychotherapy and it is the most the most integral matter. On certain just having the feelings that there is someone to communicate andrelyon can help people overcomes their situation and it is more than effective than any other treatment. Having a greater social communication system, whether family, friends and neighbors make an immense of effective situation. 1(b) Outline of the procedure for protecting clients, patients, and colleagues from harm This outline is to help you to develop, execute and inspection policies and process for decrease the riskof harm to clients, patients and colleagues. An existing policy has been covered by the checklist of the pointed area ample. The outline should: Analyse the path we estimate, the risk of harm taking into risks from: †¢ Other clients, patients and colleague †¢ Internal problem †¢ Corporal surrounds †¢ The environment of services. †¢ The clients, patient and colleague themselves, to themselves and to other clients, patient and colleague, and to people beyond the system. Here is the explanation on how clients, patient and colleague are encouraged about the nook and corner about their safety and they will be protected. Having the list of emergency numbers. Securing first aid kits are available. Train other people about first aid kits Giving the guarantee of health issues such as hygiene and infectious illness. Providing sound, safe and protected environments for children. Carrying clear methods and response Point out the time of action. Showcasing of approval time. Showcasing the time of survey 1(c) Analyze of the benefit of following a person-centered approach with users of health and social care services   This study asked what service users start from the position Person-centered way of providing support and what is what gets. It fully recognizes the important relationship roles and responsibilities of family Service users and provide services to those in management. Public services Personalization, politicians, policy-makers have become fashionable for providers. This study is a timely reminder of the service users long, and the design has been discussed for a person-centered. Will change only Service to the people who rely on them are shaped like this. 1(d) Explanation of ethical dilemmas and conflict that may arise when providing care, support and protection to users of health and social care services Sometimes encounter situations in which workers care for them very contradictory. Care workers to maintain the organizational policies and wellbeing of clients all the time, but in some situations the rules they are not able to implement it to the essential. Moral dilemmas are built these kinds of situations. Sometimes conflicts between care workers and service user’s views, beliefs and cultures may arise. Health and social care services could be hampered by the conflict and may be affected by the quality of health and social care. A human adult, you have the right to take the law in his own decisions. Sometimes the service users are worthless as they sometimes decide to take shelter medicine. Him to take medication regularly in order to gain or return back to his normal life, his health is very important for gaining. On the other hand, care workers obey and respect the decision of the client is forced to. As a consequence, care workers face a moral dilemma. It refuses to accept the service user to the service to take care of his responsibilities as a service to users, although a care worker can’t help the service user. If some client care staff will be responsible. A client does not want to take medication; a care worker can’t force him to take medication, and are not always able to motivate his clients. Health and social care centers are very common in this kind of scenario. They do nothing and make it impossible for a client in front of them to die. Handling such kind of situation is very diffi cult. Health and social care workers to do nothing for them to just stand and are strongly against the moral values. Here is another proof of the moral problem. According to some people and not inhumane insulation is done. Others apply it to the patient suffering from emotional and psychological damage when. Task 2: 2(a) Implementation of policies, legislation, regulations and codes of practice that are relevant to own work in health and social care Care to ensure the best qualities of physicalstateand social care practice, the accomplishment of the policies, laws, regulations and codes of practice in parallelism with national and local policies and laws to consumer of the service is very weighty and cardinal. Rules and regulations must be followed at all times by the care laborers, so this job is very sensitive. It is the practice in accordance with the laws and codes, attributes are properly maintained to ensure that the management duties. Data Protection Act must be checked by the employees and the client does not have any right to reveal any important information, only the right person can ingress to the data under the Data Protection Act. Health Regulations (COSSH) Control of hazardous material regulations. It is only then that the use of chemicals and materials, this is guaranteed by law. Only the right person has access in Agents, detergents, and other chemical elements in the shelf, washed containers are locked at all ti mes. Unharmed place to storefulmination and other equipment, and has access to it is the only duty. Safety precautions are implemented or not must be verified properly by the employers properly. Imagination, Health and Social Care Board is the center of the warning signs to stick properly. Fire the way, always clean and mess free, it needs to be done by the present staff and workers.Different laws and regulations, policies, and will provide training and lectures are employers in their work, which is easy and risk-free enough staff on the law and policies. 2(b) Local policies and procedures can be developed in accordance with national and policy Requirements The policy must be clear and simple. Must be easy to clean and improve the effectiveness of the policy will be out of the confusion. The policy should have less delusion. National and local policies are reflected in the cultural sector which can be done by following the principals. There is variety of different organizations, so the policy is not suitable for every organization. Improvement of the quality of care and service need to be change in upcoming future policies, so they need to be flexible. Policies reflect the culture and work easy and comfortable, but in the opposite case the employee does not want to follow the rules and regulations of the employees are very interested in the rules and regulations to follow. Accurately and regularly need to supervise the policies and laws. Employers and law-makers to review the laws and procedures, and if it is necessary, they can upgrade those. 2 (C) The impacts of policy, legislation, regulation, and codes of practice on organizational policy and practice Organization policy law, practice policies, rules, regulations, and codes are important present. Providing guidelines it says that Policy and law, institutions will have to practice. Without reference to the law and the law of the organization, legal, health and social care center for which it is really difficult to formulate policy. Any violation of the rights of the individual, organizational policy, Law and practice in an organized, competent and ethical work environment, service users and staff will be made. The organizing principle of the organization without any serious conflict, it is very easy to use. It is the employee to work in accordance with the law to respect the law and acclimate employee’s helps. An employee fines or even anyone who breaks the law and regulations, will not leave him in his work. An employee is an employee of any laws and regulations to be confused about, then you can ask his superiors, and they will help him to get out of the dilemma. Both emp loyers and employees and the respective authority is obliged to obey and follow the rules and regulation and correct them or even anyone to take immediate steps to punish those who break the law. Task 3: 3(a) Theories that underpin health and social care Practice The theories are about health and social care practice. With attention to the individual needs of those theories, and various events and processes get priority. Service users, physical, spiritual, social, emotional, and mental fitness to promote healthy lifestyles and to achieve a high level, the theory helps to develop a plan. Maslow hierarchy of needs state that theory of health and social care. his theory, human needs are classified into different levels, and basic needs are put first. According to his theory, the bottom level is not met, a man to go to the next level. Physiological or physical demands of this theory are considered to be the most basic needs. Safety and security, love and belonging, self-esteem and self actualization is the next level. While planning for the care and services to a service user of this theory is applied. Other well-known theory of human growth and development, Help and Care is needed in a variety of different levels. Age, growth and development, th e care and services is changing. 3(b) Social processes impact on users of health and social care services To ensure the operatives of the resistance, cast and evolution of health and social care strategy considers the social processes. Having the same nature different cultures, different people react differently, to be effective, because it can be applied contrary in health and social. Perceiving the way people behave in a certain social processes are affected. , Drinking and smoking, unhealthy practices like the ones brought about by a group of peer pressure, people belong to and identify with. Tattooing and piercing, which involved the culture, and the needle of blood-borne infections in general. These risky practices are very much difficult to change in sudden notice as because their culture forces them to do so. The higher figure than the culture of others, may be the key to a specific workplace discrimination. Due to the cultural attributes, other than one service user may favor some of the care staff. All service users are treated equally and fairly, so the treatment should be illegal to create bias. 3(c) Effectiveness of inter-professional working Where is the link between health and social care practice and continuous basis, in collaboration with health care providers from other fields of work, inter-professional health care providers are called to work. Doctors, nurses, physical therapists, psychologists, respiratory therapists, health care assistants, nurse or health team should be involved in any of the efficiency of the plan of care, it can be included. On behalf of health and social care services across all guises of the users needs, and to work as a team of health workers in the facility, A persons lack of it, which makes the other person will be satisfied by the same field. It continued to plan for the care and services that help to reduce delays. Task 4: 4(a) Explanations of own role, responsibilities, accountabilities and duties in the context of working with those within and outside the health and social care workplace Services for the user to provide a supportive rehabilitative environment for a career’s role in health and social care setting, If a trust relationship with the career service users because most of the time is an important part of the process. For assistance, service users, careers responsibility to ensure it is as much as possible, because it is used to the career and the normal function and, depending on the clients autonomy. Career such as service user needs to make sure to monitor all the services supplied to clients, and the right is reserved and applied, is sure to be met. Performing our role, we are feeding, health and physical activities can meet the physical demands of the clients. Service users in health and social care facilities are filling our duty is to promote health and to ensure their health and safety. They believe that, they will be protected, if the clients physical, mental and financial interests remain same. 4(b) Contribution to the development and implementation of health and social care organizational policy Employees need to follow to ensure the smooth running of the system, the organizing principle of the organization is important. To reduce misunderstanding and misinterpretation, it is necessary to organizational policies are clear and blunt. They are primarily affected by it because of its contribution to the development and implementation of policies with the careers, will contribute a lot. Staff loyalty and adhere to the organizations policy, a good workforce, will be developed. It is a consequence of organizational policies and to change the policy of non- adaptation may or frequently, then its the principle of the non- adaptation is the main cause of the workers, it can help determine if the policy is reviewed and developed. 4(c) Recommendations to develop own contributions to meet good practice requirements We were the first to meet the requirements of best practice. General health council will learn enough knowledge about the code of practice. By learning the knowledge that we are adhering to the principles and values, or does not, then we can determine and evaluate ourselves and our performance. Dads concerns should be taken in the national and local policy. Organization set up by the health and social care practice and the general rules and regulations, as well as to maintain the law, it is mandatory for us. Next, we are involved in research. Training and fortify can improve ourselves in our practice. To the best of our fast-paced and dynamic to keep up with the changes, we have our own health and social care needs to be updated with current information, pertaining to the practice. Conclusion: No one is out of the risk of illness and the treatment and medications surrounding us and everyone have to visit the health and social care settings. Care workers are playing an important role for patients to overcome illness providing services to users of the service. Care staff must follow the guidelines and regulations of the organization, and to be aware of their responsibilities. Inter-relationships between the service providers remain all the time as long as they provide service. This care service providers and government organizations with the government and other health and social care settings work together, both will work together in a variety of diseases and hazards can be reduced to the society.

Importance of Manners in Pride and Prejudice Essay -- Pride Prejudice

Importance of Manners in Pride and Prejudice Manners have survived throughout the many passing years of history and culture to influence the ways human beings interact even today in the way we relate to one another: what is acceptable and unacceptable social behavior. Proper manners in everything from conversation to eating have long been distinguishing mark of social status. Even now they are often important in business and social situations. But in the eighteenth century, manners were paramount. Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice, set at the end of the eighteenth century, explores the many humorous eccentricities in a world of etiquette and proper conduct. When love, pride, clumsiness and transparency are all run through the gauntlet of delicate manners, a whimsical sort of satire is achieved. The context of propriety creates the cunning irony that brings this book to life. A perfect example of the irony in Pride and Prejudice is seen in the relationship of Mr. and Mrs. Bennet. While Mrs. Bennet is constantly theatrical and melodramatic, Mr. Bennet is very quiet and reserved. Mr. Bennet is always toying with his wife's tendencies to exaggeration. When Elizabeth Bennet refuses to marry the dim-witted and unattractive Mr. Collins, her mother is inconsolable. She bursts into a fit and tells Elizabeth that if she doesn't marry Mr. Collins, then she will disown her as a daughter. Mr. Bennet at this point steps in and provides the ironical relief: "An unhappy alternative is before you, Elizabeth. From this day you must be a stranger to one of your parents. --Your mother will never see you again if you do not marry Mr. Collins, and I will never see you again if you do." (p... ...he irony. From the bumbling Mr. Collins, who means less than he says, to the ironical parries of Ms. Elizabeth Bennet, Pride and Prejudice is certainly a comedy of manners. Each character, in their own way is either outside the traditional bounds of propriety, or bound within them so clumsily that even sincerity often comes across as humorous. In each situation shown, the characters began in a context of manners that set stage for the illuminating irony each character in some way sets forth. As shown through the situations and characters in the novel, Pride and Prejudice is a book brought to life by the context of propriety. Within this context are created the many ironical contradictions and pretenses exposed by its various colorful characters. Work Cited: Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice. New York: Airmont Books, 1992.

Religious Perspective of Cloning :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics

Religious Perspective of Cloning Many questions are raised about cloning a human being. It has moral and ethical issues and their affect on our society. The real question is, what is it to be a human being? Most of the organized religions' response to the issue of cloning is in an overwhelmingly negative fashion. They are not however outright eliminating the thought. Roman Catholics, Jewish, Protestants and other religions all have diverse opinions but there overall conclusions are the same. Their concerns are for the preservation of human dignity and the individual's freedom. Cloning is not only wrong it totally goes against the religious and biblical principles that have been deeply rooted for many centuries and have been past on from our ancestors many years ago. Cloning is condemned because of the violation of our dignity. Most religions are cautious against applying the new technology to humans, but for varying reasons. "Protestant theology emphasizes the view that nature is "fallen" and subject to improvement... But while they tend to support using technology to fix flaws in nature, Protestant theologians say cloning of humans crosses the line" (Herbert, Sheler and Watson 62). There are so many possibilities that cloning brings about; and most of them bring about nothing more than destruction of the human race. As we have known today and years ago, anything that is created with good intention will find it ways to destructive consequences. Religion has played a big part in our society today and will continue its role for many generations to follow. It is religion that provides us with moral and ethical senses. Once again we must seek their guidance. Roman Catholic Church argues their religious and ethical viewpoints. Their views are based largely on the interpretation of the story of creation. The dignity that has bestowed on us from God and cloning will violate our dignity as Godchildren. We are solely responsible for maintaining and preserving what God has created. "Cloned humans are manufactured in the image of existing people instead of created by a 'unique creative of God' " (Emig, Lau and Stone). Roman Catholics are strongly against any production of human cloning research, and believe an outright ban is needed. The Jewish on the other hand favor human cloning, with justifiable explanations. Their view on human cloning is based upon historical and sacred writings that focus on human destiny.

Michelin Analysis Essay

Michelin financial analysis| Michelin Company Profile Michelin is a tire producing company created in 1863 by the Michelin brothers. Originally based in Clermont Ferrand, the company is now located in more than 170 countries and owns 84 production site all around the world. Even if their core business is the production of tires they diversified their activities in 1900 with the first Michelin map & guides and extend their knowledge for special sector with new type of tires such as plane tire for instance. Michelin is the second leader of tire market after Bridgestone. In 2010, they had a turnover of 17  891 millions â‚ ¬ with an increase of 20% from 2009. Michelin is on the stock exchange market since 1951 which means the company can increase their equity thanks to investors and at the same time stay secure and independent. In 2010, Michelin launches its biggest increase of equity introducing 27. 2 million of new shares for a total amount of 1. 2 billion euros helping to finance its development cost estimated at 1. 6 billion euros. They have 3 major products families : * Production of tourism tyres * Production of truck tyres Others specialties (tyre for airplane, space shuttle, maps & guides, GPS†¦) We can see that their core business is the tire market with more than 86% of their activities. Geographically, their major market is Europe with 49. 9% of their revenues (7. 7 billion euros) followed by North America with 34. 4% and other regions with 22. 7%. Michelin’s major market which is Europe has been declining by 7. 5% between 2005 and 2010 whereas North America gains 1. 7% and 5. 8% for the others regions as emerging countries. Through the years and to extend their activities worldwide, Michelin has developed new rands. Michelin and BF Goodrich  are the two worldwide brands, established in many countries. Then, Michelin also developed regional brands such as Kleber, Uniroyal, Warrior with a strong presence respectively in Europe, North America and China. Added to these brands, Michelins created few distribution brands as Euromaster, TCI, respectively in Europe and North America. I. Market analysis Michelin is represented in two different markets: * Market of new tire This market is especially dealing with car manufacturer through partnership. For instance, Michelin has an old partnership with Citroen which is buying big quantities of tires in order to be set up directly on their production chain. In this market, Michelin is very dependent from the car manufacturer’s market and fluctuate according to the increase or decrease of new car sales. In 2010, this market has been increasing by 15% thanks firstly to the revival of the car industry in the Western countries, mostly helped by country states and secondly to the growth of exportation to emerging countries. * Market of replacement This market is linked with retailers, as they buy and sell tires in stores to replace a defective one. This market is less dangerous for Michelin as it is almost constant and represents ? of tires production market. Concerning the replacement market, products are distributed via dealerships and replacement service centers. This is done either via Michelin’s own distribution brands (Euromaster in Europe and TCI in North America), but also using brand partnerships and franchises to be present in 27 countries all over the world. Equipment repartition per segment| Car segment| Truck segment| Original equipment| 28. 10%| 17. 40%| Replacement equipment| 71. 90%| 82. 60%| In 2010, the replacement market has increased by 9% in the segment of tourism and van tires in Europe with the increase of the demand for special winter tire due to severe weather condition last winter. II. Competition Michelin operates in a very competitive market with several competitors, either from Europe or emerging countries. The four main producers are Bridgestone, Michelin, Goodyear and Continental which are counting for more than 50% in the worldwide market. However, new entrants such as Sumitomo, Yokohama, Hankook and coming from Asian countries have gained market shares rapidly. These emerging countries are developing a middle class with enough purchase power to buy either Michelin tires through distribution centers or new cars equipped with Michelin tires. As we can see on the table above, the Asian market is now growing as fast as traditional market such as Europe and North America. The most increasing market is South America which increases its demand by greatly in 2010. Furthermore, these emerging countries will account for 50% of global automobile output in 2012, showing that Michelin has to be on these markets in order to preserve its 2nd largest producer worldwide rank. Asian market Michelin is already well implanted in the replacement segment with their distribution centers â€Å"Tyre Plus† leading the Asian market with more than 570 local centers in China and a total of 970 centers in 9 Asian countries. Michelin has also developed its own brand called â€Å"Warrior† to enter in the Asian market, especially the Chinese market in order to compete with Hankook. To be closer to the demand, Michelin has already built 3 productions sites and will add a new one in 2011 in Shenyang. Indian market Most of the increase of Michelin on the Indian market was due to new partnership with truck manufacturer such as Tata, the biggest one in India. Michelin became an original supplier of Tata for tires in the original equipment for truck segment in 2010 helping it to increase theirs sales and to gain brand recognition. Following this path, Michelin opened 6 new truck service centers the same year and plan the opening of a new production site in Chennai in 2011. South American market Michelin has known a significant progression in 2010 on Brazilian, Chilean, Colombian and Argentinean truck market with a global increase of 41% in the replacement market. Added to that, Michelin did few partnerships with local truck manufacturers and benefit from the 47% increase of new trucks purchases last year. * Invest in Research & Development Michelin has to face two main issues: innovation in the tire market and raw material raising cost. In both issues, R&D is a key solution. During the last years, Michelin has invested 500 million euros per year in R&D to find alternatives solution to rubber issue and keep innovating. Cost of raw material Globally, the tire industry uses nearly 70% of world’s natural rubber production. With more than 60% of production costs depending only on rubber, Michelin is facing difficulties when there is an explosion of the price on the market. Since 2009, natural rubber price has increased by 60% and synthetical rubber, as it is made with petroleum, is increasing too. Like oil, which is also used to make synthetic rubber, nonrenewable raw materials are becoming increasingly scarce and will remain expensive in the years ahead, notably due to strong demand from China and India. Optimizing raw material use is essential if these resources are to be conserved over the long term and if tires are to remain affordably priced. With R&D, Michelin can find alternatives materials to rubber and increase the production of synthetical rubber to replace the natural one on basic tires. Unfortunately, high performance tires will still require natural rubber, whose properties make it irreplaceable, especially for truck, farm equipment and earthmover tires. Innovation In order to compete on the global market, Michelin has to be on first line for innovation. Michelin has started to invest in R&D to create new types of tires, which will have less impact on fuel consumption and smaller eco-footprint. For instance, in 2010, Michelin has released a new truck tire called â€Å"Michelin X Energy Saver Green†. On average it permits the standard family car to reduce fuel consumption by 520 liters per year thanks to a better road holding. This new eco-friendly product matches the demand from trucks manufacturer, states upcoming laws about transport and final clients. As several countries are becoming more and more environmental friendly. Michelin has to anticipate the vote of laws to protect environment especially in Europe and North America, its two biggest markets in terms of sales. By increasing the production of eco-friendly tires, they would be able to face the new environmental requirement from government, organism and even from their car manufacturers partners that are already investing in hybrid and less polluting cars and trucks. Tires companies that are not anticipating these changes would not survive in this highly competitive market.