Whitney Museum of Art Essay - 1163 Words

The Whitney Museum of American Art has often been referred to a citadel of American Art, partially due to the museums faà §ade, a striking granite building (Figure 1), designed by Bauhaus trained architect Marcel Breuer. The museum perpetuates this reference through its biennial review of contemporary American Art, which the Whitney has become most famous for. The biennial has become since its inception a measure of the state of contemporary art in America today. Since the Museums opening in 1931, the collection has grown to more than 12,000 paintings, sculptures, prints, drawings, and photographs, representing nearly 2,000 individual artists and providing the most complete overview of twentieth-century American art of any museum in the†¦show more content†¦For example, in the 2004 biennial their was 113 artists shown, consistent with the 2000 show of around 103 artists. The Whitney seems determined to include as much art as possible that can fit in their relatively small sized museum in order to better reflect the condition of the art scene in contemporary America. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;To fully understand the role of the biennial today, we must look to its past. The earliest Biennials were assembled informally; easy groups of artists and museum personnel made the selections. Most of those in the show lived in New York City, although many had originally come from elsewhere. In 1937, the format was changed and the exhibitions became Annuals, with one year for painting, one for sculpture and various media. Some years, a single Whitney curator chose pieces; sometimes an outsider was added. In 1973, they went back to Biennials. Today the tradition remains the same as was begun fully in 1973. Increasingly in current shows curators search out a wide range of ethnic and gender varieties to fully grasp the breadth of American culture that is represented in current art work. Their has been much criticism of the Whitney and their exclusion of non-American artists. There are sections of critics who believe that the Whitney is onlyShow MoreRelatedMy Lif e At The Whitney Museum Of American Art1524 Words   |  7 PagesAirport please.’ He grunted in response and took the next right onto Park avenue leading out of the upper east side. Sydney had recently moved into her one bedroom apartment on 74th street, to be closer to her newly acquired job at the Whitney Museum of American Art, in midtown Manhattan. 27 years of age, and Sydney still did not have a stable job, was running her bank account dry every month in order to pay her costly rent, and was still without a significant other. Sydney sat now, in the backRead MoreAmerican Art During The Great Depression723 Words   |  3 Pages American Art during the Great Depression and before World War II sought to rebrand and rebuild a broken and desperate nation. In colonies around the country, artists banded together to study and support one another, and U.S. government programs of the WPA, FAP, and FSA provided opportunities for artists to create public works on a scale never seen before in this country. Like the LDS Church Welfare program begun at the same time, these art initiatives revived the individual’s dignity in the formRead MoreTaking a Look at Autobiographical Images1124 Words   |  4 Pages Viewing autobiographical images is often a relational experience. Within contemporary art, autobiographical work opens up the possibility of creating new kinds of relationships between people of different backgrounds. It can operate both as a representation transference of lived experience and as an apparatus for experiential, relational viewing. When viewers encounter work that deals with the autobiography of the artist, they engage cognitive and affective processes that often involve identificationRead More An Exhibition of Portraits by Alice Neel Essay example1793 Words   |  8 PagesAlice Neel, one of the finest painters of her generation, is at the Norton Museum of Art February 14 through March 29, 1998. Both critics and the subjects of her paintings have written of Neels ability to portray the dynamics of relationships. Kinships focuses on particular family relationships: siblings, domestic pairs, parents and children, and members of her own family. The exhibition was organized by the Tacoma Art Museum, and is sponsored by The Elizabeth Norton Society. Born in 1900, AliceRead MoreThe Art Scene in New York City in the 60s and Early 70s631 Words   |  2 Pagesprimed. Then, we can set out over to the execution arts beginnings in a sketchy yet engrossing archival presentation, Customs of Rented Island: Object Theater, Loft Performance, and the New Psychodrama — Manhattan, 1970-1980 at the Whitney Museum of American Art. New York City in the early 1970s was a wreck: bankrupt, or everything except, and going into disrepair. One focal point to specialists was the accessibility of shoddy, void space, prominently in the Lower Manhattan mechanical localeRead MoreDesign Architecture And Urban Planning Essay1437 Words   |  6 PagesTypology in architecture and urban planning can be defined as the physical characteristics found landscapes or in buildings. As evidenced throughout history, the emergence of the museum as architecture and its typological expansion have been achieved thanks to important moments of creativity. Through creativity usage the ideation of new milestones are reached thus, creating innovative designs that serve as springboards from where architectural projects and the representation that sustains them; areRead MoreDesigning Architecture And Urban Planning Essay1529 Words   |  7 PagesTo start off, typology in architecture and urban planning can be defined as the physical characteris tics found landscapes or in buildings. As evidenced throughout history, the emergence of the museum as architecture and its topological expansion have been achieved thanks to important moments of creativity. Through creativity usage the ideation of new milestones is reached thus, creating innovative designs that serve as springboards for where architectural projects and the representation that sustainsRead MoreBarbara Kruger: Conceptual Artist1897 Words   |  8 Pagesfor the view of the public eye. Kruger provokes people with her direct messages and bold images. She has worked in collaboration with other artists as well as galleries and museums. Barbara has also written several books. In her book Remote Control: Power, Culture, and the World of Appearances, she explains how she views art and society. It states that popular culture does not have the ability to do certain things. We must do things for ourselves and not rely on society to do it for us. She has amazingRead MoreJasper John s 1983 Artwork Of Racing Thoughts And Byron Kim Essay934 Words   |  4 PagesJasper John’s 1983 artwork of Racing Thoughts and Byron Kim’s 1991 Synecdoche are both in the exhibited as part of the Whitney Museum’s: Human Interest: Portraits from the Whitney Collection. Applying encaustic process, which is known as a hot wax painting, Jasper John created this screen-print with wax crayon on collaged cotton and linen. Jasper John describes this piece as a series of images that ran through his mind while he was lying in the bathtub. He included items he saw around the roomRead MoreAndrew Wyeth Essay792 Words   |  4 Pageschildren. Andrew was a sickly child and so his mother and father made the decision to pull him out of school after he contracted whooping cough. He received schooling in all subjects including art education. Andrew had quite a vivid memory and a fantastic imagination that led to a great fascination for art. His father recognized an obvious raw talent that had to be nurtured. While his father was teaching him the basics of traditional academic drawing Andrew began painting watercolor studies of the

Assignment School Of Law And Business - 715 Words

Assignment Cover Sheet Student Name: Student Number: School of Law and Business Charles Darwin University Casuarina NT 0909 Phone: (08) 8946 6830 Unit Name: Unit Code: Lecturers Name: Assessment Title Semester: Year: Assignment (select assignment number) Due Date (dd/mm/yyyy): Lodgement Date (dd/mm/yyyy): Applied for Extension: (dd/mm/yyyy) 0 N/A 0 NO 0 YES – to Lodgement Locations: (refer to specific lodgement requirements as set out by the lecturer) DO NOT LODGE BY FAX nor EMAIL nor at LECTURER’S OFFICE †¢ The assignment must be lodged online via the Learnline Assignment Lodgement link on the Learnline site for this unit. Ensure your file is named using a file naming convention that allows the lecturer to identify to whom it belongs. Failure to use an acceptable file naming convention may result in your assignment lodgement being rejected. †¢ Refer to the endnotes of the assignment details for lodgement options if the Learnline Assignment Lodgement link for this unit is unavailable. KEEP A COPY Ensure you have a copy of the assignment lodged. If you have submitted assessment work electronically please make sure you have a backup copy. DECLARATION BY STUDENT I certify that this assignment is my own work, based on my own personal study and research, and that I have acknowledged all material and sources in the preparation of this assignment, whether they be books, articles reports,Show MoreRelatedBusiness Law Assignment - Critical Legal Studies School of Jurisprudence913 Words   |  4 Pages1.Evaluate the views of the Critical Legal Studies School of jurisprudence. What are the benefits and drawbacks of using broad notions of fairness in deciding cases? The theory of Critical Legal Studies removes the common held standards and aspects of general legal practices and looks to establish a more rounded and equitable remedy in all concerned situations. 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Substance Abuse Treatment For Adolescents Essay - 832 Words

Introduction Including families in the treatment of substance use in adolescents has been a debate for several years in the addictions world. Some claim that involving families may hinder the client’s ability to improve due to not being honest, fear, and the lack of relationship one may have with their family members, specifically parental figures. Adolescents may not be honest with themselves or family members due to fear of disappointing or fear of punishment. Many providers and policy-makers do not view family member involvement as essential for successful treatment and recovery and see family as part of the problem rather than part of the solution (Hornberger Smith, 2011). However, some researchers have found that families are an important resource for young people as they journey through substance use treatment. The journal article entitled â€Å"Substance Abuse Treatment for Adolescents: How are Family Factors Related to Substance Use Change?† discusses the importance in family involvement in the adolescent treatment process leading to significant decreases in usage. The article backs up their conclusion with research administered among a number of adolescents and their Mothers in Quebec, Canada. Statistics It is crucial to understand the statistics in youth substance use involvement, to fully understand that this is a rising issue throughout the world. In 2013, an estimated 24.6 million Americans aged 12 or older; 9.4 percent of the population had used an illicit drugShow MoreRelatedSubstance Abuse and Treatment for Adolescents2174 Words   |  9 Pages†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦ 4 Treatment †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 4-7 Conclusion †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 7 References †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦.. 8-10 Substance Abuse and Treatment for Adolescents Introduction Substance abuse among adolescents is becoming an increasing concern. There are the obvious health issues associated with substance abuse, but many people do not consider the long term affects of drug and alcohol use. In this paper I will discuss substance abuse among teens, causesRead MoreEssay on Adolescent Substance Abuse1656 Words   |  7 PagesHeader: Substance Abuse Adolescent Substance Abuse Dana Sweitzer Liberty University Abstract Adolescent substance abuse is a major problem in society. There are many risk factors that can contribute to adolescent substance abuse. One of the main risk factors is peer pressure. When adolescents start at a young age there is an increase in health problems, addiction, and over all poor social outcomes. Parental influence has substantial effect on adolescents because the adolescent sees theirRead MoreSubstance Abuse And Mental Health Problems877 Words   |  4 PagesFINAL PROJECT 2 Introduction Substance abuse and mental health problems are serious issues in our society. These problems appear to be associated, so it is necessary to look at both and how they interact (Ramchand). Substance abuse can bring about or exacerbate existing mental health problems, including suicidal ideation and attempts. Medical professionals cannot begin to resolve the issue of substance abuse related suicidal ideation or attempts unless they have an effective solutionRead MoreCo Occurring Mental Health Disorders ( Sud ) Essay877 Words   |  4 Pagesmental health disorders (MHD) and substance abuse disorders (SUD) are increasingly prevalent in youth. According to Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), nearly 1.3 million adolescents ages 12-17 years old had a SUD in 2014 (2014). Co-occurring MHD and SUD can limit one’s ability to function in everyday life. MHD alone can compromise judgement and behavior (SAMHSA, 2014). Substance abuse may worsen or trigger symptoms of MHD in adolescents. Youth that are diagnosed withRead MoreTeenage Drug Abuse Essay982 Words   |  4 PagesTeenage drug abuse is an issue that can result from a wide variety of social influences, stressful events, and mental disorders. Drug abuse among adolescents is a troubling issue because it decreases focus, increases the chance of consistency in behavior during adulthood, increases the chances of developing emotional issues, permanently damages the brain, and damages tissues in every system that can lead to death. Previous scientific research has identified that social factors, including the mediaRead MoreWhat Does The Strength Perspective Can Be Beneficial? Adolescents?1285 Words   |  6 Pagesadolescents relate to the clinician that is working with them. This could be because strengths based is a positive perspective that is meant to encourage and teach the teens how to cope. Strengths based perspective is also known to help open up adolescent’s ability to talk with their parents and can also decrease negative behaviors. After the five week treatment was complete the adolescent where asked to talk about their experience and what they liked most about the strengths based perspectiveRead MoreThe Adolescent Community Reinforcement Approach898 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Adolescents are a population that can be at-risk in regards to drug and alcohol abuse. A program called the Community Reinforcement Approach was created and later adapted into the Adolescent Community Reinforcement Approach in the 1970s to address problems adolescents face when it comes to drug or alcohol abuse (Intervention Summary - Adolescent Community Reinforcement Approach (A-CRA)). The Adolescent Community Reinforcement Approach works with adolescents from the ages twelveRead MoreEssay about Adolescent Substance Abuse641 Words   |  3 PagesAdolescent Substance Abuse Adolescent substance abuse continues to be epidemic in American society -- it crosses geographic, economic, gender, racial, and ethnic lines. In addition, more than a decade of national, state, and local prevention efforts have been minimally effective. It is a major problem that continues to escape our control. Nearly 9 out of 10 high school seniors in America report that they have experimented with alcohol. Within this group, 3 out of 10 report alcohol abuseRead MoreDrug Use And The Factors That Influence A Future Drug Addiction1005 Words   |  5 Pagesexplores various ways adolescent brain is susceptible to risky behaviors such as drug use and the factors that influence a future drug addiction. Adolescence is a time of growth both physically and mentally as well as emotionally. Risky behaviors, such as drug use, are likely to appear during this time. It isn’t until early adulthood that the prefrontal cortex, the area of our brain responsible for logical thought and reasoning, is developed. Many underlying factors of substance abuse are well known, suchRead MoreDrug Treatment For Adolescents And Adolescents1732 Words   |  7 PagesDRUG TREATMENT FOR ADOLESCENTS 2 ABSTRACT Youths in the United States are using drugs more than ever and even at a younger age than the past. Reaching out to these younger addicts can be complicated. There are several ways to approach substance abuse treatment for youths. School counselors and parents

Introduction Of Islam And The Environment - 1665 Words

Introduction to Islam and the Environment A few problems we face in the world today include harmful ozone layer destruction, unmanageable global warming, disgustingly high levels of pollution, dangerously high rates of natural resource depletion, and extinction at astronomical rates. The effect of these issues includes destruction of our trees and plants, food shortages, higher risk of natural disasters, higher risk of unclean water, and a higher risk of cancer (Environmental Problems). These obvious issues have been ravaging our earth for much too long and it is time that people begin to step up and embrace environmental sustainability. While there are groups and foundations working towards creating a more sustainable earth, more active†¦show more content†¦With a following that includes 23% of the world population, Islam as a whole has the potential to influence over one billion people to act a certain way. Although 100% of the people in the world are Islamic, everyone has the ability to utilize Muslim practices a nd principles in order to address climate change and environmental degradation. Some behaviors that should be more common include recycling, conserving energy and natural resources, use carbon emitting vehicles/machines less, and simply to plant more trees. These activities, which go along with a few of the basic aspects of Islamic thought and practice, could potentially have a huge impact on the world when followed by large amounts of people. Due to the gravity of the issues and the consequences that are already beginning to occur, the emphasis on environmental sustainability needs to begin soon, and those who disagree need to join the cause unless they enjoy watching their friends and family experience sickness, disaster, and death. Problem Facing the World Today There are thirty-four countries in the world that are both advanced agriculturally and predominantly Muslim. These thirty-four Islamic nations account for about 21% of the world’s land surface and about 15% of its cropped area. While the agricultural sector has been a pivotal part of Islamic life for hundreds of years, the practice is becoming more and more difficult. In regards to agriculture today, Lynn White states

How Does Mill’s Principle of Liberty Contribute to Progress Free Essays

The concept of liberty seems to have been consistently analysed and re-structured throughout history by ambitious philosophers keen on creating a ‘better world’. John Stuart Mill, a British philosopher of the XIX century, is not an exception from this trend. With his thought-provoking work â€Å"On Liberty†, he sets a basis for what he believes will lead to the development of the human being and contribute to its progress. We will write a custom essay sample on How Does Mill’s Principle of Liberty Contribute to Progress? or any similar topic only for you Order Now This gives way to his Principle of Liberty, which illustrates that only a free person, and by default also the society, has the opportunity for growth through searching the truth by questioning and debating. It may be agreed upon that a strong barrier to any form of progress is the avoidance or omission of the truth. Mill goes even further and argues that an opinion may be wholly true, wholly false, or partially true, and all three benefit the common good. The only way to attain this truth is through discussion, as â€Å"If all mankind minus one, were of on opinion, and only one person were of the contrary opinion, mankind would be no more justified in silencing that one person, than he, if he had the power, would be justified in silencing mankind. This quote is a prominent example of the importance of seeking the truth through thought and expression, and is one of the factors contributing to individual liberty. The world a human being grows up in shapes his opinions, and while this is acceptable for initial formations of thought and awareness, Mill argues it is dangerous to rely only on it and not reflect on other ‘worlds’. Not only would such an attitude impair the total formation of one’s mental capabilities and capacity, it would also lead to seeing yourself as infallible. After all, if a person surrounds himself with people of the same convictions as him, then it is plausible to presume that he will believe many things as issues that are no longer doubtful. This in turn results in the line between opinion and fact getting blurred due to the inexistence of debate, causing many future errors which could have been omitted otherwise. â€Å"The suppression of opinion based on belief in infallible doctrines is dangerous†, whereas any silencing of discussion is, according to Mill, an assumption of infallibility. Treating truth as a relative concept by refusing to hear what one considers a ‘false’ opinion is â€Å"assuming that their certainty is the same things as absolute certainty†. Humans should keep their mind open to criticism of their belief and listen to a variety of views on it in order to understand it and be able to defend against it. A clash of conflicting opinions enables us to find ‘fuller’ truths. The only way we may know if a belief is true or not is to challenge it. If a doctrine â€Å"is not fully, frequently and fearlessly discussed, it will be held as a dead dogma, not a living truth†. Mill seeks to point out this fundamental issue which, due to its simplicity and obviousness, is often underrated. â€Å"No wise man ever acquired his wisdom in any mode but this; nor is it in the nature of human intellect to become wise in any other manner†. Of course, a major problem in attaining the truth is that it may remain in â€Å"narrow circles of thinking and studious persons among whom they originate, without ever lighting up the general affairs of mankind with either a true or deceptive light†. This is precisely what Mill wants to avoid. Moreover, he wants to advance the discussion to a higher level of clarity without an individual’s actions and beliefs being restricted by bonds of custom and conformity. He notes that the most venerable beliefs arise from a person’s own critical assessments and reasoning. The Principle of Liberty illustrates his argument that freedom is indispensable to originality of character as it is the means by which a person can develop as an individual. And, Mill claims, â€Å"The free development of individuality is one of the leading essentials of well-being†. This line of reasoning leads us to an important aspect of Mill’s Principle, i. e. how it contributes to individual and, in the long run, social progress. We have already established that seeking the truth provokes the mental development of an individual. The cultivation of individuality will result in human happiness as it requires making choices that one thinks is most beneficial to their life. â€Å"First, Mill argues, even though people do make mistakes, individuals are still more likely to be right about what would make them happy than anyone else. It is essential to help one another distinguish between worthy and unworthy pursuits through persuasive argument and use of liberty in a sensible way to fully develop as free individuals. † A second reason for liberty is that it will not only lead to better decisions in the long run, but also that the exercise of freedom of choice is itself vital to the full development of human nature. Those who are slave to customs, Mil l suggest, will never develop into rounded, flourishing individuals; not necessarily because they will be nhappy, but because they will fail to develop one of their most distinctively human capacities, the capacity for choice. † Consequently, one can argue that since individuality is a positive thing, it is necessary to build social institutions that contribute to that individuality. A functioning society whereby individuals are able to learn from others’ ‘experiments of living’ is, according to Mill, human progress at its best. â€Å"Liberty is vital as a condition of experimentation† , for without it peoples’ rational would not be used and thus would not develop. When a person becomes more valuable to himself, he immediately becomes more valuable to society. It is necessary, however, to stress the limit of liberty, also known as the Harm Principle. As long as one person’s actions do not harm the interests of another, society should not interfere. Mill identifies ‘the permanent interests of man as a progressive being’ as his interests in autonomy and in security. Furthermore, when a human being does not intrude on another person’s freedom, that person can develop accordingly, and incidentally become a role model showing others how (not) to live. This is how the â€Å"less creative† individuals of society can make informed decisions on leading their own lives, i. e. learning from experimenting, which is â€Å"quite the chief ingredient of individual and social progress†. Nevertheless, critics of Mill’s Principle are quick to notice that his ideas rest on the optimistic outlook that human beings are capable of learning from experience, indeed, that they even want to do it. Yet as history shows, humankind is consistent in failing to learn from mistakes. â€Å"Progress is the cornerstone of Mill’s doctrine† , yet if humans are not prepared to learn, how do they differ from ‘children and barbarians’? Liberty is a means to progress; incapable of free speech and debate, children and barbarians do not benefit from liberty and hence it does not apply to them. Thus we may assume that a certain attitude towards life is needed for Mill’s Principle to succeed, that is to say it strongly relies on humans having the capacity of making moral progress. He believes this can be trained by society in the early stages of human life. It is throughout childhood when society has the biggest influence over a person, when it should strive to embed values it hopes to see materialize in adulthood. The knowledge a child accumulates should then be left free to be interpreted in any way the adult sees fit after reaching maturity. After all, non scholae, sed vitae discimus. Moreover, â€Å"if the person fails to accept those values, or remains immature, it is society’s own fault†. Precisely this point has been the target of much criticism, seen as the crux of Mill’s idealistic vision for an improbable future that goes against human nature. For if everyone remained ‘immature’, then how is liberty to contribute to individual and social progress? If this were the case, the entire ideology would be abolished in an instant and in lieu of it in modern times, other beliefs would dominate. Yet liberty continues to be epitomized as the best answer to a free, happy society. As previously stated, ‘bonds of conformity’ are considered by Mill to be a restraint on liberty. The reason behind this is twofold. First of all, relying only on traditions and treating them as your moral guide by which you live your life, a form of dogma which one accepts without question, hinders your decision-making abilities. Mill places great emphasis on the importance of choice. By narrowing someone’s choices and making them complaint to a certain lifestyle, you take away their freedom. Secondly, such forced conformity denies the existence of diversity. This is a key factor in human development, for by â€Å"seeing people’s dissimilarities (†¦) one learns about one’s own weakness†. Mill is eager to draw attention to the potential opportunities that arise with this, for example, by improving oneself: you have the freedom to make mistakes, assert falsehood, and interpret the experience as you see fit. Whatever conclusion one comes to is still a form of human progress, but this is only possible thanks to an open culture. This stance is severely criticized by communitarians, who see Mill is an iconoclast. They argue that we are too interconnected to simply untie society’s ‘bonds’, and nor is there any reason why we would want to- after all, humans are social creatures and individual separation is not the key to freedom. A counter-argument to this may be that culture is an evolving process as well, and rapid cultural transgressions do occur frequently, especially in terms of technological and scientific progress. Of course, some morals are static and universal, but if we were to perpetually follow a form of customs of society, we would remain immobile. What is more, there is a lack of consistency in communitarians’ perception of freedom, simply because they do not considerate the full extent of how subjective traditions tend to be. What is customary for one person may not be for another, and enforcing one’s traditions onto another human being, especially if it is done by society, truly harms the minority. Such a repressive form of society is deemed by Mill as a regression of individual progress, a halt to â€Å"create the ultimate good in the future, human progress†. The above mentioned arguments illustrate clearly why Mill was so keen on defending the concept of liberty, what he considers the only way in which progress can be enforced without impinging on others’ freedom. It is, he argues, the fundamental human right. â€Å"The sole end,† Mill states, â€Å"for which mankind are warranted, individually or collectively†¦ in interfering with the liberty of action of any of their number, is self-protection†. Wolff comments on this by saying that â€Å"this will enable each to seek his or her own best; it will liberate a diversity of interests to the benefit of the individual and of all; and it will nurture moral freedom and rationality. With the latter comes creativity and the means of social and intellectual progress. † Such liberty contributing to progress is more so beneficial due to what it entails, i. e. the individual’s freedom of thought and discussion. Mill protests against any stifling of opinion, for even if it were false, we would not recognize its wrongness without contrasting it with the truth. One will never reach the highest levels of self-development without debate and constant awareness of one’s fallibility. Critical assessments of beliefs and opinions are necessary, and only when they â€Å"survive the struggle as it were in the â€Å"marketplace of ideas†, then, and only then, will one be entitled to accept them as justified† . Even then, however, we may be in the wrong. As history has showed us, men who we see now as ‘evil’ and ‘immoral’ were not in their time, as they were acting accordingly to the rules of the society they were brought up in. Thus the debate must be on-going and never lead to a â€Å"deep slumber of a decided opinion†. Furthermore, â€Å"mere shock to tender sensibilities can never be weighty enough harm to counterbalance the case for free expression of opinion. † Nevertheless, it is imperative to keep in mind the statements that Mill is being too optimistic and naive. After all, his whole Principle balances on the assumption that human beings are capable of progress. Even if we concede to that, Mill’s Principle still put forward an essential aspect of human growth. How? Let us look at a quote by George Bernard Shaw: â€Å"progress is impossible without change, and those who cannot change their minds cannot change anything†. The importance of free speech and debate reverberates throughout the whole of â€Å"On Liberty†. Mill is always eager to encourage seeking the truth; his Harm Principle states that we cannot harm others’ interests, yet he does not rule out persuasion. Through persuasive arguments and by taking advantage of our freedom in intelligent ways, we develop both ourselves and those we come in contact with and pave the way for progress. Bibliography 1. Bartleby Editors . (2012). On Liberty. Available: . Last accessed 15th Dec 2012. 2. Feinberg, Joel (1980). Rights, Justice, and the Bounds of Liberty. Essays in Social Philosophy. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 3. Gray, J (1996). Mill on Liberty: A Defense. London: Routledge. Chapter 3. 4. Honderich, Ted. (2005). John Stuart Mill’s On Liberty, and a Question about Liberalism. Available: . Last accessed 15th Dec 2012. 5. Lacewing, Michael. (2012). Mill on Liberty. Routledge: Taylor and Francis Group. Available: . Last accessed 15th Dec 2012. 6. Mill, John Stuart (2001). On Liberty. Kitchener: Batoche Books. 7. Sparknotes Editors. (2012). On Liberty. Available: . Last accessed 15th Dec 2012. 8. Wilson, Fred. (2007). John Stuart Mill. Available: Last accessed 15th Dec 2012. Chapter 4. How to cite How Does Mill’s Principle of Liberty Contribute to Progress?, Essay examples

Reliability of High-Temperature Electronic - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Reliability of High-Temperature Electronic. Answer: Introduction An insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) refers to a power semiconductor device usually with three terminals which is primarily used as an electrical switch. IGBTs are gaining great importance in the power electronics from both the served application and installed devices. Currently IGBT module is applicable in a range of applications ranging from wind power production, motor drives, industrial inverters and the HVDC converters(Byron, 2015). A Lot of focus is being put in place for the IGBT module to ensure higher power densities. The higher power densities requires the IGBT to operate under high temperatures. Due to that the system of the IGBT has to be improved to meet the requirements which can allow it to operate efficiently under such conditions of high temperatures. The development of the IGBT power modules has been in the recent past been characterized by the frequent increase in power density with the main aim of reduction of costs of power. The demand for a high power density is directly associated with the current per chip. Increasing the current per chip results in an increase of temperature during operations as shown in the figure below(Christou, 2013). Analyses of the Problem The generator of a wind turbine is usually controlled by a power converter which consists insulated gate bipolar transistors and other components. Increase in the wind speed results to proportional increase of the turbine speed which directly leads to production of high power density. There is a proportional increases in junction temperature with the increase in the power density which is being produced with the IGBT. The temperature which is produced is used to determine the output current which can be achieved by the generator(Claeys, 2013). A power converter which is configured as an H-bridge is usually used for validation. The converter is usually equipped with the Infineon adapter board which is used for monitoring of the thermal behaviour of the components which are usually under the real field conditions(Colin, 2015). State of the Art literature review There are many benefits which are associated with the use of module components which has high junction temperature capabilities such as; the possibility of sinks thermal resistance increasing to ambient, this results in lower cost of the heat sink which has a lower performance such as the case of the windmill generator where higher liquid cooling temperatures are accepted. Due to the increase in temperature all the components which are surrounding the module needs to be adjusted so as to work effectively without the reduction in lifetime. Once there is an increase in the temperature of the module components it call for high attention on thermal management to avoid destruction of the components(Cressler, 2012). For thermal management, the lifetime IGBT module has to be estimate to determine the power cycling capability of the IGBT. Once the junction temperature is high, it results in high stress levels which the device has to undergo thus reduction in the cycle number of the device. The lifetime of the IGBT device in most cases is limited by the package technologies which include the soft soldering and wire bonding. There are new technologies which have been introduced to increase the number of cycles such as the XT technology which has overcome the limitation of the current technologies such as the wire soldering(Flandre, 2014). HiPak Technology. HiPak technology refers to the high power IGBTs which covers a wide range of voltage from 1700V to 6500 V and current such as 400A to 3600 A. This HiPak module exists in different forms such as the single IGBT, dual diode, dual IGBT and also in a chopper configuration. Any IGBT module is made of IGBTs and diodes which are built on the basis substrates that are soldered to a base plate. At the terminals are conductor leads which are mainly used to provide an electrical connection from the electrical circuit to the outside of the module. Under high temperatures and current (Jason, 2015). For the module to work effectively there are improvements which have to be made as discussed below. Solution explanation and evaluation There are many possibilities which I came up with to ensure that the IGBT module is capable of operating under high temperatures of 230oc.I proposed a lot of modification and adjustments to the module components, joining technology and thermal management as discussed below. Chipset The design of the IGBT and the diode chip require a lot of improvement to be able to operate at high temperatures. Controllable and soft switching is very essential when the chipsets are used in the modules with high temperature. This is due to the combination of the large stray inductance and high currents which will normally result in the snappy behaviour and a very high voltage during the turning off(Jones, 2013). For high current using the same technology, the platform has to be upgraded from the initial SPT to SPT+. The technology of the SPT+ works more efficiently as compared to the initial SPT, this is because it offers up to 15 % lower losses while it ensures to maintain the turn-off losses. As shown in figure 2 below. The high temperature which is expected requires reliable and stable operations of all the devices which are beyond the limit. This requires a well-optimized termination design for the diode to reduce the leakages of high temperatures. The figure below shows a range of cool temperatures where by both the diode and the IGBT have been found out to be stable with no thermal runway which is under the direct application of a DC of about 1400V and 1700V which takes not less than 300 sec(Kolawa, 2015). Package There are four main functions of the packaging technology. They include: provision of a current path directly from Bus bar to the chip and back, cooling down the heat which is generated by the module, isolating the electrical contacts from one another and ensuring that the package has mechanical robustness. Considering the improvements which were done on the Gel, terminal, module soldering a new robust product with high voltage and the current were developed(Krozer, 2014). High-temperature capable Gel The silicone Gels to be applied in the prevention of the partial discharge and also seal the atmospheric contaminants and moisture from getting into the system. Moreover, where the system has to remain operational there are environmental rules which require the junction temperature to be stored at -55oc(Lucian, 2012). The current material which to be used for insulation is the silicone gel with the specification of operating between the range of -40 and 230oc.The new operational temperature and the new requirement of the chips called for verification of the characteristics of the material of two alternatives which are Gel E and Gel S. For the selection of alternative gels, dielectric properties together the extended temperature range are the most crucial requirements. The selected potential alternatives gel it had to undergo many investigations and test(Mantooth, 2015). Differential scanning calorimetry and thermos gravimetric analysis have to be carried out to be able to determine the thermal stability of the silicone gels which are to be selected. Thermal gravimetric indicated that both samples Gel R and Gel S dah lost the same amount of weight at the same temperature of 230oc. Physical characterisation focused mainly on the thickness and hardness of the isolation of the materials and also to the components of the system. The main objective is to have an insulating material which is soft and has a good sealing(McCormick, 2011). Carrying out a comparison of the different Gels it is very clear that Gel E had the highest adhesion force. Module Soldering with Spacer The requirements of the packaging technologies increase due to the increase in the operational temperatures; this is aimed at ensuring a long lifetime and high reliability of the IGBT module. Some of the lifetime failures which are identified included; wire bond contact, large area solder joints and terminal solder joints.AS a result of that additional step which was not there initial has to be included in the process of soldering the substrates to the base plate. Where substrate edges are attached a flat aluminium are soldered to the base plate. Mechanically and the reproducible stable spacer is given as a result of these bond, which guarantees a small thickness of the solder. Therefore reducing the tilting of the substrate. Modules without and with spacers have to undergone temperature swings to determine the importance of reliability(Parsons, 2013). Some substrate corners can be observed in all modules after they undergo cycling cracks in the substrate solder. Relating the solder thickness with the crack growth rate at their location it is clear that the locations which had the solder which was the thinnest had the highest crack growth rate as shown in figure 6 below. Therefore the application of spaces to better the cycling capability. High Current Terminals The contribution of resistive power losses of the module is increasing due to the increase in the semiconductor current ratings. Unwanted power impassions are caused by high currents from the bus bar to the power terminals. Moreover, they can cause reliability challenges as a result of the overheating of the internal conductor. This call for investigations of the current path(Willander, 2011). Besides switching losses and dominant conduction, resistive losses happen at many points. On this kind of the module the losses which occur contribute greatly to the overall losses that are witnessed. The terminal contributes a lot to the resistive losses. The chip metallization, the bond wires and the wire bonds are few contributors. To lower the losses that are generated in the terminal, it compulsory that the electrical resistance has to be lowered. Because there is no other good conductor which is affordable like copper it is important to change the geometry of the conductor which is being used(Podlesak, 2016). The terminals which are currently used in the HiPak module are shown in figure 7 below. By the use of the current terminals which are used in the HiPak module, there is a significant reduction in the electrical resistance which is mainly achieved by making the current path shorter and balancing the current density in the conductor. At the same time maintaining the mechanical reliability. With this new designs of the terminals, the wind turbine generator can be able to work at even very high temperatures. Materials used and their temperature limits. The following materials were proposed to be used to enable the wind turbine generator operate at very high temperatures; Aerogel Material; this material is used for insulation and has properties which allows it to perform under in high temperature environments. Aerogel is capable of withstanding high temperatures of up to 2000 degrees centigrade with very little or no transfer of heat to other components of the wind turbine generators. In that way it can be able to insulate the components of the generator effectively. Nickel alloys; Due to the advancement in technology. Nickel alloys can be used in the wind turbine generators. Niobium Alloys; is very dense when alloyed together with tungsten it can withstand high temperature of up 900 degree Celsius in that way it is much possible to be used in the manufacture of components of the wind turbine generator. Molybdenum; this material shows very unique creeps and strength resistance and the ability to withstand very high temperatures molybdenum can be able to withstand up to a temperature of 12oo degrees centigrade Conclusion In conclusion, in most cases, the IGBT is used as an electronic switch in many electrical appliances. It has a wide application in electric power, such as; wind power generation, trains, electric cars, lamp ballasts, refrigerators, stereo systems and even in the air conditioning.(Claeys, 2013). With the increase of the operating temperatures of the IGBT of the wind turbine generator. The user has the choice of utilising the operating temperatures to raise the output current or to increase the cooling cost. The IGBT module can increase its current output up to 12.5% if the operating temperatures are raised between 175oc to 230oc.For that reason good thermal management is very important considering the area in which the module is located. There are many improvements which can be done to the components of the IGBT module to ensure that it is capable of operating at 230oc.The improvement which are to be done include: The introduction of the HiPak technology, which can operate at very high temperatures and a wide range of voltage and current(Flandre, 2014). Use of high Current terminals to reduce the unwanted power impassions which are caused by high currents from the bus bar to the power terminals. Other adjustments which were to be done included the Module Soldering with Spacer to ensure a long lifetime and high reliability of the IGBT module. Application of high temperature capable Gel which are used in the prevention of the partial discharge and also seal the atmospheric contaminants and moisture from getting into the system of the module(Claeys, 2013). References Byron, M. J. (2015). Papers presented at the Conference on High-Temperature Electronics. Chicago: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. Christou, J. (2013). Reliability of High-Temperature Electronics. Texas: RIAC. Claeys, C. L. (2013). Proceedings of the Symposium on Low-Temperature Electronics and High-Temperature Superconductivity. Chicago: The Electrochemical Society. Colin, J. (2015). Fourth International High-Temperature Electronics Conference. Berlin: IEEE. Cressler, J. D. (2012). Extreme Environment Electronics. Mnchester: CRC Press. Flandre, D. (2014). Science and Technology of Semiconductor-On-Insulator Structures and Devices Operating in a Harsh Environment. Manchester: Springer Science Business Media. Jason, J. (2015). Proceedings of the Fourth Symposium on Low-Temperature Electronics and High-Temperature Superconductivity. Paris: The Electrochemical Society. Jones, M. (2013). Diamond Switches for High-Temperature Electronics. Texas: United States. Department of the Air Force. Kolawa, E. (2015). 1998 High-Temperature Electronic Materials, Devices and Sensors Conference. London: IEEE. Krozer, F. V. (2014). High-temperature electronics: proceedings of Symposium E on High-Temperature Electronics. London: Elsevier. Lucian, S. (2012). High Temperature Electronics Design for Aero Engine Controls and Health Monitoring. London: River Publishers. Mantooth, A. (2015). Materials for High-Temperature Semiconductor Devices. Paris: National Academies. McCormick, J. B. (2011). High-Temperature Electronics. London: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. Parsons, J. D. (2013). N-Type SiC Rectifying Junctions for High Power, High-Temperature Electronics. London: Defense Technical Information Center. Podlesak, T. (2016). High-Temperature Electronics. Chicago: CRC Press. Willander, M. (2011). High-Temperature Electronics. Texas: Springer US.